Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants and offspring by socioeconomic status
| All N=50 |
Upper SES N=30 |
Lower SES N=20 |
T/χ2 a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal measures | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 27.6 (5.7) | 30.9 (3.7) | 22.7 (4.4) | 7.14*** |
| Race [N (%)] | ||||
| African-American | 19 (38.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 17 (85.0%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 31 (62.0%) | 28 (93.3%) | 3 (15.0%) | 31.25*** |
| Education [N (%)] | ||||
| < HS diploma | 10 (20.0%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (50.0%) | |
| HS diploma | 8 (16.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 6 (30.0%) | |
| > HS diploma | 32 (64.0%) | 28 (93.3%) | 4 (20.0%) | 29.17*** |
| Household income level [N (%)] | ||||
| ≤ $40,000 | 23 (60.0%) | 4 (13.3%) | 19 (95.0%) | |
| > $40,000 | 26 (40.0%) | 26 (86.7%) | 1 (5.0%) | 31.34*** |
| Marital status [N (%)] | ||||
| Married | 30 (60.0%) | 28 (93.3%) | 2 (10.0%) | |
| Single | 20 (40.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 18 (90.0%) | 34.72*** |
| Parity [N (%)] | ||||
| 0 | 27 (54.0%) | 18 (60.0%) | 9 (45.0%) | |
| 1 | 11 (22.0%) | 7 (23.3%) | 4 (20.0%) | |
| ≥2 | 12 (24.0%) | 5 (16.7%) | 7 (35.0%) | 2.24 |
| Body Mass Index | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 25.3 (5.6) | 24.5 (3.9) | 26.5 (7.0) | −1.32 |
| Serum total lipids (g/dL) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 897.04 (168.9) | 946.49 (172.3) | 822.87 (136.3) | 2.69** |
| Infant measuresb | ||||
| Gestational age | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 39.4 (1.1) | 39.1 (1.1) | 39.9 (1.1) | −2.39* |
| Birth weight | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 3422.9 (390.8) | 3492.5 (381.5) | 3322.1 (391.5) | 1.52 |
| 5 minute Apgar score | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.9 (.3) | 8.9 (.4) | 8.9 (.3) | 0.28 |
| Female sex | ||||
| [N (%)] | 21 (42%) | 12 (40%) | 9 (45%) | .12 |
a
T-tests used for continuous measures; Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorical measures.
b
Some birth outcomes not available for one infant.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p <.01; p < .001.