TABLE IV.

Mean Scores on Adult Outcome Measures Among Categories of Participants Based on Their Aggression Levels Throughout the Life Course and Comparisons of Each Category With Life-Course-Persistent Low Aggressives

Adult outcomes at age 48	Life-course aggression category
	Life-course-persistent low (N = 75) Mean (SD)	Life-course-persistent high (N = 48) Mean (SD)	Adolescent-limited (N = 23) Mean (SD)	Childhood-limited (N = 30) Mean (SD)	Late-onset (N = 27) Mean (SD)
Negative outcomes
Ever arrested proportion	0.00 (0.00)	0.07* (0.26)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)
Traffic violations	0.42 (0.75)	0.79* [m] (1.16)	0.50 (0.92)	0.48 (0.95)	0.41 (0.85)
Antisocial behavior	0.0016 (0.0090)	0.0159 (0.074)	0.0083 (0.036)	0.0023 (0.011)	0.0024 (0.011)
Aggressive behavior	−0.42 (0.34)	0.32*** [m, f] (0.70)	−0.20* (0.51)	−0.48 (0.19)	0.10*** (0.73)
Aggression toward spouse	0.01 (0.06)	0.14** [m] (0.31)	0.01 (0.03)	0.01 (0.02)	0.13*** (0.17)
Ever divorced proportion	0.18 (0.39)	0.49*** [m, f] (0.51)	0.26 (0.45)	0.22 (0.42)	0.32 (0.48)
Depression	50 (7.8)	55** [m] (11)	49 (8.7)	51 (9.9)	54** (10)
Problem drinking	0.20 (0.35)	0.69*** [m, f] (0.55)	0.56** (0.57)	0.50** (0.42)	0.41* (0.43)
Positive outcomes
Self-reported health	3.0 (0.61)	2.7** [f] (0.85)	2.8 (0.78)	3.2 (0.76)	2.6* (0.84)
Occupational prestige	520 (112)	463* [m] (134)	481 (99)	524 (118)	559 (108)
Educational attainment	4.4 (1.5)	3.2*** [m] (1.3)	4.1 (1.6)	3.9 (1.5)	3.9 (1.3)
Verbal achievement	105.0 (11.8)	96.8*** [m] (11.1)	103.2 (9.39)	100.4 (13.2)	107.8 (8.87)
Frequency of religious attendance	4.5 (2.6)	2.8*** [m] (1.9)	3.3+ (1.9)	4.7 (2.3)	4.4 (2.8)

Note: Entries in bold font with asterisks denote significant differences in comparison with the life-course-persistent low group. The letter m and f in parenthesis after the asterisks denote that the effect was also significant separately for males and/or females.

⁺P<.10,

^*P<.05,

^**P<.01,

^***P<.001.