Table 2.

Laboratory assessment of kidney function, CKD definition used and details on the reporting of CKD prevalence per study

Author (Ref.)	Creatinine assay	IDMS	Albuminuria	CKD definition	eGFR equation	Ethnicity	CI	Age and sex standardized	Stratified prevalence
Aumann et al. [10]	Jaffe	Other	n/a	2	CKD-EPI + other	Yes	n/a	No	Yes: other
Bongard et al. [11]	Jaffe	No	n/a	2	MDRD (old)	No	Yes	Yes to national pop.	No
Browne et al. [12]	Modified Jaffe	Yes	Other	1 + 2	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	No	Yes	Yes to national pop.	Yes: age, sex and other
Capuano et al. [13]	Modified Jaffe	No	n/a	2	CG	No	No	Yes to national pop.	Yes: age, sex and other
Christensson et al. [14]	Unclear	Other	n/a	Other	CKD-EPI, MDRD (old) + CG	Yes	No	No	Yes: age and sex
Chudek et al. [15]	Jaffe	Unclear	If dipstick − → immunoassay	1 + 2 + 3	CKD-EPI	No	No	No	Yes: age, sex and other
Cirillo et al. [16]	Modified Jaffe	No	Immunoassay	2	MDRD (old)	Yes	Yes for N Not for %	Yes to national pop.	Yes: age and sex
Codreanu et al. [17]	Unclear	No	Other	2 + 3	MDRD (old)	No	No	No	Yes: age, sex and other
De Nicola et al. [18]	Enzymatic	Yes	Immunoassay	1 + 2 + 3	CKD-EPI	No	Yes	No	No
Delanaye et al. [19]	Compensated Jaffe	Yes	n/a	2	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	No	No	No	Yes: sex
Donfrancesco et al. [20]	Enzymatic	Yes	n/a	2	CKD-EPI	No	No	No	Yes: sex
Formiga et al. [21]	Compensated Jaffe	No	n/a	2	MDRD (old)	No	No	No	No
Fraser et al. [22]	Enzymatic	Yes	Not specified	1 + 2 + 3 + other	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	Yes	No	Unclear	Yes: other
Gambaro et al. [23]	Modified Jaffe	Other	If dipstick + → immunoassay	1 + 2 + 3	CKD-EPI	Yes	Yes	Yes to US pop.	Yes: age, sex and other
Gianelli et al. [24]	Modified Jaffe	No	n/a	2	MDRD (old) and CG	No	No	No	No
Goek et al. [25]	Compensated Jaffe	Unclear	n/a	2	CKD-EPI	No	n/a	No	No
Gu et al. [26]	Modified Jaffe	Unclear	Not specified	2	CKD-EPI + MDRD (old)	No	No	No	No
Guessous et al. [27]	Compensated Jaffe	Unclear	Unclear	1	CKD-EPI	Yes	n/a	No	No
Hallan et al. [28]	Jaffe	Other	Immunoassay	1 + 2 + 3	New MDRD	Yes	Yes	Yes to national + US pop.	Yes: age, sex and other
Hernandez et al. [29]	Not specified	Unclear	Not specified	1 + other	CKD-EPI	Yes	n/a	No	Yes: other
Juutilainen et al. [30]	Enzymatic	Yes	n/a	2 + other	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	No	no	No	Yes: age and sex
Lieb et al. [31]	Enzymatic	No	Immunoassay	3 + other	MDRD (old)	No	n/a	No	No
Meuwese et al. [32]	Jaffe	No	n/a	2	CKD-EPI + MDRD (old)	No	n/a	No	No
Nitsch et al. [33]	Modified Jaffe	Other	n/a	2	MDRD (old)	Yes	n/a	No	Yes: other
Nitsch et al. [34]	Jaffe	Other	n/a	2	MDRD (old) and CG	Yes	Yes	No	Yes: age and sex
Otero et al. [35]	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	1 + 2	MDRD (old)	Yes	Yes	Yes to national pop.	Yes: age, sex and other
Pani et al. [36]	Not specified	Other	Not specified	1 + 2 + 3	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	No	Yes	No	Yes: age and sex
Pattaro et al. [37]	Enzymatic	Yes	n/a	2	CKD-EPI, new MDRD + other	No	Yes	No	Yes: age
Ponte et al. [38]	Compensated Jaffe	Yes	Immunoassay	1 + 2 + 3	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	Yes	Yes	No	Yes: age and sex
Redon et al. [39]	Jaffe	Yes	Immunoassay	2	CG	No	n/a	No	No
Robles et al. [40]	Modified Jaffe + enzymatic	No	Dipstick	2 + other	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	Yes	Yes	Yes to EU pop.	Yes: age and sex
Roderick et al. [41]	Modified Jaffe	Yes	Immunoassay	2 + other	MDRD (old)	No	Yes	No	Yes: age and sex
Rothenbacher et al. [42]	Modified Jaffe	No	If dipstick + → immunoassay	1 + 2 + 3	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	No	No	No	Yes: age and sex
Rutkowski et al. [43]	Modified Jaffe	Unclear	n/a	1 + 2 + 3	MDRD (old)	No	No	No	No
Sahin et al. [44]	Enzymatic	Yes	Not specified	2	New MDRD	No	No	No	Yes: age, sex and other
Schaeffner et al. [45]	Unclear	Unclear	Immunoassay	2	CKD-EPI + other	Yes	n/a	No	No
Scheven et al. [46]	Modified Jaffe	Unclear	If dipstick + → immunoassay	1 + 2 + 3	CKD-EPI	No	n/a	No*	No
Stasevic et al. [47]	Jaffe	Yes	Unclear	2 + 3 + other	MDRD (old)	No	No	No	No
Stengel et al. [48]	Jaffe	Yesa	Immunoassay	1 + 2	CKD-EPI + new MDRD	No	No	No	Yes: age and sex
Suleymanlar et al. [49]	Not specified	No	Not specified	1 + 2 + 3	MDRD (old)	Yes	No	Yes to national pop.	Yes: age and sex
Tavira et al. [50]	Modified Jaffe	No	n/a	2	MDRD (old)	Yes	n/a	No	No
Van Pottelbergh et al. [51]	Modified Jaffe	No	Dipstick	2	MDRD (old) and CG	No	No	No	Yes: age and sex
Viktorsdottir et al. [52]	Modified Jaffe	No	n/a	1 + 2 + 3	MDRD (old) and CG	Yes	No	Yes to global pop.	Yes: age and sex
Vinhas et al. [53]	Jaffe	Unclear	Immunoassay	2	MDRD (old)	No	Yes	Yes to national pop.	Yes: age, sex and other
Wasen et al. [54]	Unclear	Yes	n/a	2 + other	New MDRD and CG	No	No	No	Yes per sex
Wetmore et al. [55]	Jaffe	Other	Dipstick	2	New MDRD and CG	Yes	No	No	No
Zambon et al. [56]	Modified Jaffe	No	Immunoassay	2 + other	CKD-EPI and MDRD (old)	Yes	n/a	Yes to national pop.	No
Zhang et al. [57]	Modified Jaffe	Other	n/a	2 + other	MDRD (old)	No	No	No	Yes: age, sex and other

Albuminuria = method of albuminuria measurement; CKD definition 1 = eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and or the presence of albuminuria >30 mg/g (i.e. CKD Stages 1–5); 2 = eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (i.e. CKD Stages 3–5); 3 = albuminuria >30 mg/g. Ethnicity = ‘yes’ if collection is reported; ‘no’ if not reported or not collected. CI, confidence interval given for prevalence estimate; CG, Cockcroft and Gault equation; n/a, not applicable.

^aIn order to standardize creatinine values, 1720 frozen serum samples were remeasured in a single laboratory with an IDMS-traceable enzymatic assay. Hereafter, equations relating the Jaffe and IDMS-traceable creatinine were developed to standardize all baseline values as follows: ScrIDMS = 0.86 × ScrJaffe + 4.40. *Population corrected for sampling design (i.e. oversampling of albuminuria).