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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Aug;45(8):860–874. doi: 10.1111/eci.12475

Figure 2. Challenges in defining circulating miRNAs as useful biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.

Figure 2

Although miRNAs have many attractive features for study in the circulating bloodstream, there are still many challenges for establishing circulating miRNAs as clinically useful biomarkers. These include non-specific tissue- or organ-distribution, low serum/plasma concentration, wide inter- or intra-individual variations, absence of controls for normalization, and absence of standardized quantification methods.