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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 20.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Nephrol. 2015 Jun 20;41(0):392–399. doi: 10.1159/000433568

Schema 1. Proposed pathogenesis of BDF effects.

Schema 1

BDF results in a transient hemolysis by increased oxidative stress after rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Later, BDF actions are related to vitamin K depletion and decreased thrombin activity. In survived patients, long-term BDF effects lead to endothelial cell injury, chronic anticoagulation and damage of the vascular barrier in multiple organs. MGP - Matrix glutamate-Protein, GAS-6 - growth arrest-specific gene 6