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Performance of our Markov process estimator, as compared to the Holmes-Rubin EM estimator.22 Each iteration of our O(n3) estimator takes on the order of 1 ms, while the O(n5) Holmes-Rubin estimator takes over 10 s per iteration for a 100 state model. Using default convergence criteria, our estimator often achieves a solution long before the EM estimator finishes a single iteration.
