Table 4.
Tissue engineering therapies using MSCs
| Disease/injury | Study organism | Cells and scaffold | Mode of delivery | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteochondral defect | Rabbit | Autologous MSCs in an injectable synthetic ECM | In situ | Cartilage filled the full-thickness defect | [188] |
| Spinal cord injury | Rat | Autologous MSCs seeded on hydrogels | In situ | Enhanced ingrowth of axons in the lesion and improvement in function | [189] |
| None | In vitro | eNOS-modified rat MSCs seeded onto tubular poly (propylene carbonate) scaffold | – | Generation of engineered blood vessels | [190] |
| Critical size bone defect | Mouse | OSX-modified murine MSCs seeded in type I collagen sponge | In situ | Enhanced bone formation | [191] |
| Tendon defect | Rat | C3H10T1/2 cells stably transfected with BMP-2 and active Smad8 variant seeded onto collagen scaffold | In situ | Tendon regeneration | [192] |
| Articular cartilage defect | Rabbit | Autologous MSCs modified with TGF-β1 seeded onto chitosan scaffold | In situ | Enhanced repair; defect filled with hyaline cartilage | [193] |