Table 3.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations for baseline prefrail and frail status with outcome measures among AAH participants

Cross-sectional Outcomes	Activities of Daily Living Status at Baseline
	No ADL Difficulty (n=703)* Ordinary Least Squares Regression		No ADL Dependence (n=883)* Ordinary Least Squares Regression
	Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE)	P-Value	Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE)	P-Value
IADLs
Pre-Frail	0.42 (0.05)	<.001	0.77 (0.07)	<.001
Frail	1.38 (0.16)	<.001	2.08 (0.13)	<.001
SPPB
Pre-Frail	−0.93 (0.21)	<.001	−1.54 (0.20)	<.001
Frail	−2.37 (0.64)	<.001	−3.89 (0.40)	<.001
Gait Speed
Pre-Frail	−0.04 (0.03)	.11	−0.07 (0.02)	.003
Frail	−0.09 (0.07)	.21	−0.14 (0.05)	.002
1-Leg Stand
Pre-Frail	−3.23 (0.89)	<.001	−3.97 (0.82)	<.001
Frail	−8.82 (2.73)	.001	−8.47 (1.79)	<.001
Grip Strength
Pre-Frail	−3.11 (0.82)	<.001	−3.58 (0.74)	<.001
Frail	−6.28 (2.39)	.009	−4.13 (1.46)	.005
	Binary Logistic Regression		Binary Logistic Regression
	Odds Ratio (95% CI )	P-Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI )	P-Value
Injurious Falls
Pre-Frail	0.72 (0.30–1.73)	.834	1.14 (0.56–2.30)	.720
Frail	1.25 (0.15–10.19)	.732	2.35 (0.88–6.30)	.089

Longitudinal Outcomes (9-Years)	Activities of Daily Living Status at Baseline
	No ADL Difficulty (N=423)				No ADL Dependence (N=528)
	Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 1a*		Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 2a**		Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 1b*		Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 2b**
	Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE)	P-Value	Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE)	P-Value	Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE)	P-Value	Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE)	P-Value
ADLs
Pre-Frail	0.27 (0.13)	.041	-----	-----	0.53 (0.14)	<.001	0.36 (0.14)	.012
Frail	1.96 (0.50)	<.001			2.28 (0.30)	<.001	1.82 (0.32)	<.001
IADLs
Pre-Frail	0.48 (0.16)	.003	0.23 (0.16)	.151	0.74 (0.16)	<.001	0.35 (0.16)	.029
Frail	1.46 (0.60)	.015	0.40 (0.60)	.508	1.84 (0.36)	<.001	0.99 (0.36)	.006
SPPB
Pre-Frail	−0.72 (0.29)	.013	−0.47 (0.27)	.088	−1.09 (0.27)	<.001	−0.45 (0.26)	.089
Frail	−2.72 (1.04)	.009	−1.40 (0.97)	.151	−4.60 (0.60)	<.001	−2.66 (0.60)	<.001
Gait Speed
Pre-Frail	−0.02 (0.03)	.449	0.04 (0.04)	.385	−0.05 (0.03)	.094	0.03 (0.04)	.506
Frail	−0.09 (0.12)	.439	−0.07 (0.13)	.606	−0.20 (0.07)	.004	−0.11 (0.11)	.297
1-Leg Stand
Pre-Frail	−4.17 (1.30)	.001	−3.20 (1.20)	.008	−4.09 (1.15)	<.001	−3.27 (1.11)	.004
Frail	−0.75 (4.93)	.879	2.74 (4.42)	.536	−1.64 (3.36)	.626	0.58 (3.24)	.857
Grip Strength
Pre-Frail	−2.21 (0.98)	.025	−0.65 (0.95)	.499	−1.63 (0.87)	.063	−0.21 (0.86)	.810
Frail	−6.25 (3.62)	.085	−3.67 (3.38)	.278	−3.61 (2.05)	.079	−1.55 (2.08)	.458
	Binary Logistic Regression		Binary Logistic Regression		Binary Logistic Regression		Binary Logistic Regression
	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P-Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P-Value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)		Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P-Value
Injurious Falls
Pre-Frail	0.60 (0.21–1.77)	.357	0.59 (0.20–1.75)	.344	1.10 (0.48–2.52)	.827	1.06 (0.46–2.45)	.894
Frail	3.31 (0.36–30.8)	.293	3.62 (0.39–34)	.260	0.72 (0.09–5.80)	.437	0.72 (0.09–5.84)	.758
Mortality
Pre-Frail	1.69 (1.07–2.67)	.025	-----	-----	1.61 (1.06–2.44)	.027	-----	-----
Frail	3.64 (1.12–11.8)	.032			4.19 (2.10–8.35)	<.001

^*Models adjusted for age and sex;

^**Models adjusted for age, sex, and baseline value of the outcome variable being examined.