Table 5.
Longitudinal association of FRAIL scale items with outcomes among AAH participants with no ADL disability at baseline or no ADL dependence at baseline
| Longitudinal Outcomes (9-Years) | Activities of Daily Living Status at Baseline | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No ADL Difficulty (N=423) | No ADL Dependence (N=528) | |||||||
| Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 1a* | Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 2a** | Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 1b* | Ordinary Least Squares Regression Model 2b** | |||||
| Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE) | P-Value | Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE) | P-Value | Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE) | P-Value | Unstandardized Coefficients B (SE) | P-Value | |
| ADLs | ||||||||
| Fatigue | 0.48 (0.19) | .012 | 0.59 (0.19) | .002 | 0.44 (0.18) | .016 | ||
| Resistance | 1.01 (0.22) | <.001 | 1.39 (0.17) | <.001 | 1.09 (0.19) | <.001 | ||
| Ambulation | 0.91 (0.22) | <.001 | ----- | ----- | 1.27 (0.17) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.20) | <.001 |
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | 3.65 (0.90) | <.001 | 3.18 (0.87) | <.001 | ||
| Weight Loss | −0.22 (0.17) | .183 | −0.08 (0.17) | .664 | −0.09 (0.17) | .608 | ||
| IADLs | ||||||||
| Fatigue | 0.50 (0.23) | .031 | 0.26 (0.22) | .249 | 0.56 (0.21) | .009 | 0.21 (0.20) | .292 |
| Resistance | 1.21 (0.26) | <.001 | 0.65 (0.27) | .016 | 1.40 (0.20) | <.001 | 0.78 (0.21) | <.001 |
| Ambulation | 1.35 (0.27) | <.001 | 0.57 (0.30) | .059 | 1.43 (0.19) | <.001 | 0.70 (0.22) | .002 |
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | 4.69 (1.00) | <.001 | 3.91 (0.94) | <.001 |
| Weight Loss | −0.15 (0.20) | .463 | −0.16 (0.19) | .392 | −0.05 (0.20) | .814 | 0.05 (0.18) | .772 |
| SPPB | ||||||||
| Fatigue | −0.33 (0.42) | .435 | −0.31 (0.39) | .432 | −1.06 (0.39) | .008 | −0.65 (0.36) | .071 |
| Resistance | −3.03 (0.46) | <.001 | −1.96 (0.46) | <.001 | −3.39 (0.35) | <.001 | −1.96 (0.36) | <.001 |
| Ambulation | −2.24 (0.47) | <.001 | −1.11 (0.48) | .021 | −2.76 (0.33) | <.001 | −1.35 (0.35) | <.001 |
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | −7.51 (2.03) | <.001 | −2.66 (2.53) | .294 |
| Weight Loss | 0.21 (0.36) | .547 | 0.09 (0.33) | .796 | 0.19 (0.35) | .595 | 0.15 (0.31) | .623 |
| Gait Speed | ||||||||
| Fatigue | −0.00 (0.05) | .959 | −0.04 (0.06) | .517 | −0.07 (0.04) | .079 | −0.03 (0.05) | .624 |
| Resistance | −0.17 (0.05) | .002 | −0.13 (0.07) | .079 | −0.15 (0.04) | <.001 | −0.07 (0.06) | .241 |
| Ambulation | −0.11 (0.05) | .042 | −0.08 (0.08) | .311 | −0.11 (0.04) | .002 | −0.04 (0.05) | .473 |
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | −0.66 (0.26) | .013 | ----- | ----- |
| Weight Loss | 0.03 (0.04) | .377 | 0.07 (0.05) | .184 | 0.02 (0.03) | .486 | 0.06 (0.05) | .209 |
| One-Leg Stand | ||||||||
| Fatigue | −1.83 (1.87) | .329 | −1.39 (1.69) | .413 | −2.78 (1.62) | .086 | −1.83 (1.54) | .236 |
| Resistance | −7.21 (2.33) | .002 | −3.53 (2.25) | .118 | −4.39 (1.73) | .012 | −1.18 (1.72) | .492 |
| Ambulation | −5.67 (2.29) | .014 | −1.81 (2.23) | .419 | −4.02 (1.54) | .009 | −2.03 (1.57) | .197 |
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Weight Loss | −2.06 (1.57) | .191 | −2.48 (1.43) | .083 | −1.63 (1.41) | .249 | −2.36 (1.35) | .081 |
| Grip Strength | ||||||||
| Fatigue | −1.70 (1.38) | .219 | −0.43 (1.31) | .741 | −1.29 (1.17) | .272 | −0.25 (1.15) | .831 |
| Resistance | −5.07 (1.63) | .002 | −2.84 (1.58) | .074 | −3.27 (1.14) | .004 | −1.05 (1.16) | .363 |
| Ambulation | −2.50 (1.68) | .138 | −0.69 (1.62) | .671 | −0.99 (1.09) | .361 | 0.20 (1.08) | .857 |
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | −7.24 (6.23) | .246 | −14.85 (8.19) | .071 |
| Weight Loss | −1.29 (1.21) | .286 | −0.44 (1.13) | .696 | −0.79 (1.06) | .460 | 0.42 (1.02) | .813 |
|
| ||||||||
| Binary Logistic Regression Model 1a* | Binary Logistic Regression Model 2a** | Binary Logistic Regression Model 1b* | Binary Logistic Regression Model 2b** | |||||
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | |
|
| ||||||||
| Injurious Falls | ||||||||
| Fatigue | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | 0.17 (0.02–1.29) | .086 | 0.18 (0.02–1.35) | .095 |
| Resistance | 1.17 (0.25–5.40) | .839 | 0.95 (0.22–4.98) | .952 | 1.11 (0.41–3.11) | .825 | 1.01 (0.36–2.85) | .992 |
| Ambulation | 3.10 (0.94–10.2) | .063 | 3.01 (0.90–10.0) | .072 | 2.03 (0.84–4.88) | .116 | 1.98 (0.81–4.79) | .132 |
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- |
| Weight Loss | 1.04 (0.33–3.29) | .952 | 1.04 (0.33–3.34) | .856 | 1.11 (0.43–2.89) | .827 | 1.11 (0.42–2.92) | .829 |
| Mortality | ||||||||
| Fatigue | 1.28 (0.68–2.41) | .449 | 1.41 (0.85–2.34) | .187 | ||||
| Resistance | 2.72 (1.53–4.85) | <.001 | ----- | ----- | 2.41 (1.56–3.74) | <.001 | ----- | ----- |
| Ambulation | 2.51 (1.39–4.56) | .002 | 2.11 (1.38–3.23) | <.001 | ||||
| Illnesses | ----- | ----- | 5.98 (1.30–27.6) | .022 | ||||
| Weight Loss | 1.04 (0.59–1.86) | .889 | 1.20 (0.73–1.96) | .481 | ||||
*
Model adjusted for age and sex;
**
Models adjusted for age, sex, and baseline value of the outcome variable being examined;
***
The 9-year follow-up group did not have any continuing participants who had zero ADL difficulties and 5 or more illnesses at baseline; and there were no continuing participants who had zero ADL dependencies and 5 or more illness at baseline for gait speed (model 2b only), one-leg stand, and injurious falls.