Increased Tim-3 expression is associated with T-bet up-regulation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) inhibition in natural killer (NK) cells during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (a) Representative flow cytometric dot plots, summary data, and correlation analysis of T-bet and Tim-3 expressions in CD3− CD56+ NK cells from HCV-infected individuals and healthy subjects (HS). Each symbol represents one individual and horizontal bar represents mean value. *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01. (b) Up-regulation of Tim-3 expression on NK cells incubated with HCV-transfected (HCV+) or untransfected (HCV−) Huh-7 hepatocytes. Purified human CD16+ CD56+ NK cells (purity >95%) were co-cultured with HCV+ Huh-7 (red line) and HCV− Huh-7 cells (green line) for 48 hr, followed by flow cytometry analysis (histogram) of Tim-3 expression on NK cells. Summary data from six independent experiments are shown. *P < 0·05. (c) Tim-3 expression on NK92 cells co-cultured with HCV+ Huh-7 and HCV− Huh-7 cells. Medians, 25th and 75th centiles as boxes and 10th and 90th centiles as whiskers are shown for the Tim-3 expression summarized from three independent experiments. *P < 0·05. (d) IFN-γ expression in NK92 cells co-cultured with HCV+ Huh-7 and HCV− Huh-7 cells. Summary data from three independent experiments are shown. *P < 0·05.