Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the study children and parents, n = 1020, by sex
| Characteristic | Value | Boys (n=517) | Girls (n=503) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Started smoking at age 13 or younger (missing = 72) | Yes | 160 (33.5%) | 113 (24%) |
| No | 318 (66.5%) | 357 (76%) | |
| Started drinking at age of 12 or younger (missing = 45) | Yes | 125 (25.4%) | 122 (25.3%) |
| No | 367 (74.6%) | 361 (74.7%) | |
| Year of child's birth (missing = 0) | 1993 | 70 (13.5%) | 70 (13.9%) |
| 1994 | 393 (76.0%) | 391 (77.7%) | |
| 1995 | 54 (10.4%) | 42 (8.3%) | |
| Family structure at age 16 (missing = 6) | Traditional | 300 (58.0%) | 279 (55.6%) |
| Single mother | 127 (24.6%) | 138 (27.5%) | |
| Reconstructed with a step-father | 63 (12.2%) | 60 (12.0%) | |
| Other | 27 (5.2%) | 25 (5.0%) | |
| Type of school child attends at age 16 (missing = 12) | Secondary school | 261 (51.1%) | 298 (60.0%) |
| Gymnasium1 | 72 (14.1%) | 87 (17.5%) | |
| Vocational school2 or college3 | 178 (34.8%) | 112 (22.5%) | |
| Current level of family income at child age 16 (missing = 3) | No money for food or clothes | 79 (15.8%) | 97 (20.1%) |
| No money for household devices | 110 (22.0%) | 90 (18.7%) | |
| Need to borrow for bigger purchases, such as television or refrigerator | 135 (27.1%) | 111 (23.0%) | |
| Need to save for flat or car | 99 (19.8%) | 78 (16.2%) | |
| Enough for everything | 76 (15.2%) | 106 (22.0%) | |
| Education of mother (missing = 189) | Secondary or less4 | 84 (20.2%) | 72 (17.3%) |
| Secondary professional5 | 205 (49.4%) | 218 (52.4%) | |
| Higher or higher incomplete6 | 126 (30.4%) | 126 (30.3%) | |
| Education of father (missing =185) | Secondary or less4 | 75 (19.9%) | 53 (14.8%) |
| Secondary professional5 | 200 (53.2%) | 186 (51.8%) | |
| Higher or higher incomplete6 | 101 (26.9%) | 120 (33.4%) | |
| Drinking by mother during last month before the survey (missing = 94) | Never | 172 (36.6%) | 153 (33.6%) |
| 1-2 times | 210 (44.7%) | 211 (46.3%) | |
| 3-5 times | 61 (13.0%) | 62 (13.6%) | |
| 6 times and more | 27 (5.7%) | 30 (6.6%) | |
| Lifetime smoking by mother (missing = 193) | Never smoked | 294 (70.5%) | 284 (69.3%) |
| Current smoker, but quit during pregnancy | 84 (20.1%) | 82 (20.0%) | |
| Current smoker, did not quit during pregnancy | 39 (9.4%) | 44 (10.7%) |
1
Gymnasium – an institution offering secondary education but with some additional courses.
2
Vocational school – a trade school in which one learns special professional skills.
3
College - an institution with mainly vocational courses, with a possibility to obtain bachelor degree.
4
Secondary or less – completed secondary school (11 classes or less).
5
Secondary professional – completed vocational school
6
Higher or higher incomplete – graduated from college and received a degree similar to bachelor or master.