Table 2.
Intra-oral vacuum measurements during direct breastfeeding (breast) and breastfeeding with a nipple shield. Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (range)
| Reference rangea | Breast | Nipple shield | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sucking vacuum mmHg | |||
| Peak | −163 ± 62 | −233 ± 152 (−128, −360) | −338 ± 32 (−278, −368) |
| Baseline | −56 ± 31 | −151 ± 62 (0, −83) | −41 ± 37 (−3, −74) |
| Mean | −183 ± 56 | −169 ± 54 | |
| Duration (s) | 12.2 ± 4.8 | 12.5 ± 12.4 | 9.2 ± 5.8 |
| Pausing vacuum mmHg | |||
| Mean | −46 ± 30 | −141 ± 73 (−21, −233) | −40 ± 70 (0, −157) |
| Duration (s) | 4.4 ± 2.6 | 1.7 ± 0.6 (0.87, 1.8) | 1.2 ± 0.44 (0.9, 2.2) |
aMcClellan et al. [4]