Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics of ADHD patients and healthy controls (HC).
| ADHD (N =107) |
HC (N = 109) |
Test of significance | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (males/females) | 41/66 | 47/62 | χ2 = 0.51, p = .47 |
| Age (years) | 35.00 ± 10.30 | 36.08 ± 10.97 | t (1,214) = 0.74, p = .46 |
| IQa | 108.13 ± 14.43 | 110.97 ± 15.36 | t (1, 214) = 1.40, p = .16 |
| Inattention symptomsb | 7.27 ± 1.56 | 0.59 ± 1.29 | t (1, 214) =−34.48, p < .0001 |
| Hyperactivity/Impulsivity symptoms b | 5.65 ± 2.36 | 0.59 ± 1.12 | t (1, 214) = −19.96, p < .0001 |
| Digit spanc | 6.77 ± 2.2 | 7.53 ± 2.38 | F(1,208) = 6.56, p < .01 |
| SADd | 3.53 ± 0.26 | 3.42 ± 0.19 | F(1,202) = 11.94, p < .001 |
| SARTe | 11.02 ± 4.76 | 9.29 ± 5.04 | F(1,187) = 5.31, p = .02 |
| Delay discountingf | 0.038 ± 0.064 | 0.010 ± 0.015 | F(1,187) = 16.31, p < .0001 |
| DTI acquisition protocolg | 35 (33%) | 23 (21%) | χ2 = 3.71, p = .05 |
| One or more depressive episode(s) (remitted)h | 52 (57%) | 12 (11%) | |
| Anxiety disorder (remitted)h | 22 (23%) | 6 (6%) | |
| Substance use disorder (remitted)h | 21 (20%) | 6 (6%) | |
| Borderline Personality Dh | 10 (9%) | - | |
| Medication-naive | 20 (19%) | - | |
| On stimulant medication | 64 (60%) | - | |
| Medication in the past | 14 (13%) | - | |
| On atomoxetine | 9 (8%) | - |
Demographic information representing means ± standard deviations or percentage per group.
a
Prorated from Block Design and Vocabulary of WAIS-III-R.
b
As measured with the ADHD-DSM-IV Self Rating scale (Kooij et al., 2005).
c
Digit Span raw backwards score (working memory).
d
Errors Sustained Attention Dots (SAD) task (attention).
e
Commission errors Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) (inhibition).
f
Score on Delay Discounting task (impulsivity).
g
First version of DTI acquisition protocol.
h
As measured by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for axis I (Groenestijn et al., 1999) and axis II (Weertman et al., 2000) disorders.