Table 5.
Sub-distribution Hazard Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for Cardiovascular Events among Patients with Lupus Nephritis ESRD in the U.S., 1995-2008 (Kidney transplantation and death as competing events)
| Heart Failure | Myocardial Infarction | Ischemic Stroke | Hemorrhagic Stroke | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A* | Model B** | Model A* | Model B** | Model A* | Model B** | Model A* | Model B** | |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| African American | 1.35 (1.23-1.48) | 1.38 (1.26-1.52) | 1.10 (0.91-1.34) | 1.13 (0.93-1.37) | 1.11 (0.92-1.35) | 1.12 (0.92-1.36) | 1.57 (1.12-2.20) | 1.66 (1.19-2.31) |
| Asian | 0.82 (0.66-1.01) | 0.85 (0.69-1.06) | 1.10 (0.71-1.71) | 1.17 (0.76-1.81) | 0.71 (0.42-1.20) | 0.73 (0.43-1.24) | 1.64 (0.87-3.12) | 1.77 (0.93-3.38) |
| Native American | 1.36 (0.97-1.91) | 1.33 (0.94-1.89) | 0.63 (0.20-1.97) | 0.62 (0.19-1.94) | 0.52 (0.16-1.60) | 0.51 (0.16-1.57) | 2.12 (0.76-5.92) | 2.10 (0.75-5.90) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.0 (Ref) |
| Hispanic | 0.93 (0.82-1.06) | 0.97 (0.85-1.11) | 0.77 (0.58-1.04) | 0.79 (0.59-1.06) | 0.85 (0.64-1.14) | 0.86 (0.64-1.16) | 0.92 (0.56-1.50) | 0.97 (0.60-1.58) |
*
Model A: Adjusted for sex, age at ESRD onset, calendar year, type of medical insurance prior to ESRD, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albumin, employment status, area-level socioeconomic status based on seven U.S. Census indicators, U. S. region of residence, and type of renal replacement therapy
**
Model B: Model A + comorbidities (smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular accidents, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral vascular disease and cancer)