Table 2.

Histomorphometric results of the human studies included in the review

Ref.	Patients	Study design	Histomorphometry (% of newly formed bone)
McAllister et al[74]	5	5 MSA: MSCs + AL	33.0 ± NR (16 wk)
Gonshor et al[75]	18	18 MSA: MSCs + AL	32.5 ± 6.8 (12 wk)
		8 MSA: AL	18.3 ± 10.6 (12 wk)
Duttenhoefer et al[77]	11	12 MSA: BMAC + BBM	NR
		6 MSA: Ficoll + BBM
Rickert et al[78]	12	12 MSA: BMSCs + BBM	NR
		12 MSA: AB + BBM
Kühl et al[79]	13	13 MSA: BMA + BBM	NR
		13 MSA: BMAC + BBM
Wildburger et al[80]	7	7 MSA: BMSCs + BBM	7.4 ± 4.1 (12 wk)
			13.5 ± 5.4 (24 wk)
		7 MSA: BBM	11.8 ± 6.2 (12 wk)
			13.9 ± 8.5 (24 wk)
Sauerbier et al[81]	26	34 MSA: BMAC + BBM	12.6 ± 1.7 (12 wk)
		11 MSA: AB + BBM	14.3 ± 1.8 (12 wk)
Rickert et al[82]	12	12 MSA: BMSCs + BBM	17.7 ± 7.3 (14 wk)
		12 MSA: AB + BBM	12.0 ± 6.6 (14 wk)
Schmelzeisen et al[83]	1	2 MSA: BMAC + BBM	26.9 ± NR (12 wk)
Fuerst et al[84]	12	22 MSA: BMSCs + BBM	17.9 ± 4.6 (24 wk)
Beaumont et al[85]	3	6 MSA: PDSCs + BBM	NR
Shayesteh et al[86]	6	6 MSA: BMSCs + HA/β-TCP	41.3 ± NR (24 wk)
Smiler et al[87]	4	2 MSA: BMSCs + β-TCP	40.0 ± NR (16 wk)
		1 MSA: BMSCs + BBM	13.0 ± NR (16 wk)
		1 MSA: BMSCs + HA	31.0 ± NR (16 wk)
Trautvetter et al[88]	10	10 MSA: PDSCs + PLGA	NR
Mangano et al[89]	1	1 MSA: PDSCs + PLGA	28.8 ± NR
Voss et al[91]	35	50 MSA: PDSCs + PLGA	NR
		63 MSA: AB
Mangano et al[90]	5	5 MSA: PDSCs + PLGA	37.3 ± 19.5 (24 wk)
		5 MSA: HA	54.6 ± 21.1 (24 wk)
Zizelmann et al[92]	20	14 MSA: PDSCs + PLGA	NR
		17 MSA: AB
Schimming et al[93]	27	27 MSA: PDSCs + PLGA	NR
Yamada et al[94]	23	23 MSA: BMSCs + PRP	NR
Ueda et al[95]	6	6 MSA: BMSCs + PRP	NR

MSA: Maxillary sinus augmentation; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; AL: Allograft; NR: Not reported; BMAC: Autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate; BBM: Bovine bone mineral; BMSCs: Bone marrow stem cells; AB: Autogenous bone; BMA: Bone marrow aspirate; PDSCs: Periosteal derived stem cells; HA/β-TCP: Hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate; PLGA: Polylactid-co-glycolic acid; PRP: Platelet rich in plasma.