Table 3.
Overview of conclusions for investigated therapies from included systematic reviews.
| Intervention | Positive evidence | Negative evidence | Inconclusive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mind/Body interventions | |||
| Mind/Body interventions in general | (i) Effects on pain [53] (ii) More effective than usual care for some outcomes [63] |
||
| Meditation-based interventions | (i) Mostly positive results [50] (ii) Most studies indicate improvement [64] |
||
| Mindfulness-based stress reduction | Moderate short-term effects on FMS key symptoms [65] | ||
| Hypnosis/guided imagery | Strong short-term effects on pain [61] | ||
| Biofeedback | (i) Limited evidence for biofeedback [52] (ii) Moderate effects on pain for EMG biofeedback [62] |
(i) No positive results [50] (ii) No effects of EEG biofeedback [62] |
|
| Relaxation | Limited evidence [52] | ||
| Autogenic training | No effects of autogenic training [50] | ||
|
| |||
| Exercised-based CAM | |||
| Qigong | (i) Moderate-to-strong short-term effects on FMS key symptoms [56] (ii) Moderate effect on functional disability [57] (iii) A positive trend [53] |
(i) No positive results [50] (ii) No evidence of effects [55] |
Too early to draw conclusions [54] |
| Tai Chi | (i) Strong effect on functional disability [57] (ii) Moderate effect on sleep quality [55] (iii) One study in favor of tai chi [53] |
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| Yoga | (i) Significant effects on pain, fatigue, depression, and quality of life [55] (ii) Moderate effect on functional disability [57] |
||
|
| |||
| Manipulative therapies | |||
| Chiropractic interventions | Limited evidence [60] | (i) No positive evidence [58] (ii) Insufficient evidence for benefit [52] |
Not enough evidence [53] |
| Massage | (i) Moderate evidence [52] (ii) Massage is beneficial for patients with fibromyalgia [59] |
Ineffective [53] | |
|
| |||
| Acupuncture | |||
| (i) Strong evidence [52] (ii) Strong evidence for small short-term effects on pain [67] (iii) Low-to-moderate evidence for acupuncture compared to usual care or standard care [66] |
(i) Ineffective [53] (ii) No evidence for effectiveness [68] |
(i) Mixed quality [50] (ii) Effectiveness not yet supported, mixed evidence [69] |
|
|
| |||
| Balneotherapy/hydrotherapy | |||
| (i) Positive evidence [50] (ii) Limited evidence [52] (iii) Effects on pain [53] (iv) Moderate evidence for pain [69] (v) Strong evidence [72] (vi) Appears efficacious [70] |
|||
|
| |||
| Phytotherapy | |||
| Unclear whether medicinal products or related natural products are effective [73] | |||
|
| |||
| Nutritional supplements | |||
| Limited evidence for diverse supplements [52] | Ineffective [53] | ||
|
| |||
| Homeopathy | |||
| (i) Positive results [50] (ii) Limited evidence [52] (iii) Some evidence [51] |
(i) Not enough evidence [53] (ii) Effectiveness remains unproven [74] |
||