Table 1.
Antiviral activities of marine fungi and their mechanism of action.
| Virus | Antiviral Agent | Source | Chemical Class | Effect/Mechanism | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV71 | Stachybogrisephenone B (1) | Stachybotrys sp. | Xanthone | IC50: 30.1 µM | [34] | |
| Grisephenone A (2) | Stachybotrys sp | Xanthone | IC50: 50.0 µM | [34] | ||
| 3,6,8-Trihydroxy-1-methylxanthone (3) | Stachybotrys sp | Xanthone | IC50: 40.3 µM | [34] | ||
| HSV | Halovirs A–E (4–8) | Scytalidium sp. | Peptide | direct inactivation | [36] | |
| 11a-dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (9) | Aspergillus terreus SCSGAF0162 | Lactone | IC50: 33.38 μM | [37] | ||
| Arisugacin A (10) | Aspergillus terreus SCSGAF0162 | Lactone | IC50: 12.76 μM | [37] | ||
| Isobutyrolactone II (11) | Aspergillus terreus SCSGAF0162 | Lactone | IC50: 62.08 μM | [37] | ||
| Aspernolide A (12) | Aspergillus terreus SCSGAF0162 | Lactone | IC50: 68.16 μM | [37] | ||
| Balticolid (13) | Ascomycetous strain 222 | Macrolide | IC50: 0.45 μM | [38] | ||
| HIV | Equisetin (14) | Fusarium heterosporum | Tetramic acid | IC50: 15 µM | [39] | |
| Phomasetin (15) | Phoma sp. | Tetramic acid | IC50: 10 µM | [39] | ||
| Integric acid (16) | Xylaria sp. | Acylated eremophilane sesquiterpenoid | IC50: 10 µM | [40] | ||
| IFV | Stachyflin (17) | Stachybotrys sp. RF-7260 | Sesquiterpenoidal alkaloid | inhibition of fusion between the viral envelope and the endosome | [41,42] | |
| Oxoglyantrypine (18) | Cladosporium sp. | Indole alkaloid | IC50: 85 µM | [43] | ||
| Norquinadoline A (19) | Cladosporium sp. | Indole alkaloid | IC50: 82 µM | [43] | ||
| Deoxynortryptoquivaline (20) | Cladosporium sp. | Alkaloid | IC50: 87 µM | [43] | ||
| Deoxytryptoquivaline (21) | Cladosporium sp. | Alkaloid | IC50: 85 µM | [43] | ||
| Tryptoquivaline (22) | Cladosporium sp. | Alkaloid | IC50: 89 µM | [43] | ||
| Quinadoline B (23) | Cladosporium sp. | Alkaloid | IC50: 82 µM | [43] | ||
| Cladosin C (24) | Cladosporium sphaerospermum 2005-01-E3 | Hybrid polyketide | IC50: 276 μM | [44] | ||
| (Z)-5-(Hydroxymenthyl)-2-(6′)-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)-phenol (25) | A. sydowii ZSDS1-F6 | Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid | IC50: 57.4 µM | [45] | ||
| Diorcinol (26) | A. sydowii ZSDS1-F6 | Prenylated diphenyl ether | IC50: 66.5 µM | [45] | ||
| Cordyol C (27) | A. sydowii ZSDS1-F6 | Diphenyl ether | IC50: 78.5 µM | [45] | ||
| Rubrolide S (28) | A. terreus OUCMDZ-1925 | Rubrolide | IC50: 87.1 µM | [46] | ||
| Asperterrestide A (29) | A.terreus SCSGAF0162 | Cyclic tetrapeptide | H1N1 IC50: 15 µM; H3N2 IC50: 8.1 µM | [47] | ||
| Isoaspulvinone E (30) | A.terreus Gwq-48 | Butenolide | IC50: 101.23 µM | [48] | ||
| Aspulvinone E (31) | A.terreus Gwq-48 | Butenolide | IC50: 192.05 µM | [48] | ||
| Pulvic acid (32) | A.terreus Gwq-48 | Butenolide | IC50: 94.42 µM | [48] | ||
| Emerimidine A (33) | Emericella sp. (HK-ZJ) | Isoindolone | IC50: 201.1 µM | [49] | ||
| Emerimidine B (34) | Emericella sp. (HK-ZJ) | Isoindolone | IC50: 296.62 µM | [49] | ||
| Purpurquinone B (35) | P. purpurogenum JS03-21 | Azaphilone | IC50: 61.3 μM | [50] | ||
| Purpurquinone C (36) | P. purpurogenum JS03-21 | Azaphilone | IC50: 64.0 μM | [50] | ||
| Purpuresters A (37) | P. purpurogenum JS03-21 | Benzofuran | IC50: 85.3 μM | [50] | ||
| TAN-931 (38) | P. purpurogenum JS03-21 | Nonsteroidal aromatase | IC50: 58.6 μM | [50] | ||
| Sorbicatechol A (39) | P. chrysogenum PJX-17 | Sorbicillinoids | IC50: 85 μM | [51] | ||
| Sorbicatechol B (40) | P. chrysogenum PJX-17 | Sorbicillinoids | IC50: 113 µM | [51] | ||
| PRRS | Tetrahydroaltersolanol C (41) | Alternaria sp. ZJ-2008003 | Anthraquinone derivatives | IC50: 65 µM | [52] | |
| Alterporriol Q (42) | Alternaria sp. ZJ-2008003 | Isoindolone derivatives | IC50: 39 µM | [52] | ||
| MCV | Sansalvamide A (43) | Fusarium sp. | Pentadepsipeptide | inhibition of topoisomerase | [53] | |
| RSV | 22- O-(N-Me-l-valyl)-21-epi-aflaquinolone B (44) | Aspergillus sp. XS-20090B15 | Prenylated dihydroquinolone derivatives | IC50: 42 nM | [54] | |
| TMV | 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one (45) | P. oxalicum 0312F1 | Alkaloid | EC50: 399.57 µM | [55,56] | |
| 2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one (46) | P. oxalicum 0312F1 | Alkaloid | EC50 not tested | [55,56] | ||
| Methyl 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (47) | P. oxalicum 0312F1 | Ester | EC50: 829.15 µM | [55,56] | ||
| AGI-B4 (48) | Neosartorya fischeri 1008F1 | Dihydroxanthenone | IC50: 260 µM | [57] | ||
| 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (49) | Neosartorya fischeri 1008F1 | Polyphenol | IC50: 630 µM | [57] | ||