TABLE 5.
Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) from logistic regression analyses of depression incidence according to quintiles of specific measures of energy partition–adjusted carbohydrate consumption1
| Incident depression 3 y later, OR (95% CI) |
|||||
| Median, g | Incident depression after 3 y, n | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Dietary added sugar | |||||
| First quintile | 17.8 | 820 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 28.8 | 853 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.22) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) |
| Third quintile | 39.3 | 839 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) |
| Fourth quintile | 52.5 | 973 | 1.25 (1.13, 1.39) | 1.22 (1.09, 1.36) | 1.18 (1.04, 1.33) |
| Fifth quintile | 79.2 | 1158 | 1.46 (1.31, 1.63) | 1.29 (1.13, 1.46) | 1.23 (1.07, 1.41) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0029 | ||
| Dietary total sugars | |||||
| First quintile | 50.7 | 950 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 73.9 | 892 | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) |
| Third quintile | 93.3 | 894 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) |
| Fourth quintile | 115.6 | 900 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.17) |
| Fifth quintile | 155.3 | 1007 | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) |
| P-trend | 0.0621 | 0.6595 | 0.9926 | ||
| Dietary glucose | |||||
| First quintile | 10.2 | 971 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 15.6 | 888 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) |
| Third quintile | 20.1 | 888 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) |
| Fourth quintile | 25.1 | 885 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.93) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) |
| Fifth quintile | 34.5 | 1011 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.36) |
| P-trend | 0.0575 | 0.1691 | 0.0822 | ||
| Dietary sucrose | |||||
| First quintile | 15.5 | 903 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 23.7 | 870 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) |
| Third quintile | 31.2 | 893 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.09) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) |
| Fourth quintile | 40.2 | 928 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) |
| Fifth quintile | 57.4 | 1049 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.28) |
| P-trend | 0.2863 | 0.0143 | 0.0805 | ||
| Dietary lactose | |||||
| First quintile | 4.3 | 999 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 9.3 | 931 | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) |
| Third quintile | 14.7 | 928 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) |
| Fourth quintile | 21.6 | 921 | 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.00) |
| Fifth quintile | 38.0 | 864 | 0.75 (0.67, 0.83) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.92) |
| P-trend | <0.0001 | 0.0052 | 0.0022 | ||
| Dietary fructose | |||||
| First quintile | 9.3 | 1005 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 14.9 | 876 | 0.85 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) |
| Third quintile | 19.7 | 868 | 0.82 (0.75, 0.91) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) |
| Fourth quintile | 25.3 | 907 | 0.85 (0.77, 0.93) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) |
| Fifth quintile | 35.4 | 987 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) |
| P-trend | 0.0270 | 0.6683 | 0.4698 | ||
| Dietary starch | |||||
| First quintile | 38.4 | 915 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 56.1 | 835 | 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) |
| Third quintile | 70.7 | 909 | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) |
| Fourth quintile | 88.0 | 930 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) |
| Fifth quintile | 119.3 | 1054 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) |
| P-trend | 0.4098 | 0.3248 | 0.5912 | ||
| Dietary total carbohydrate | |||||
| First quintile | 115.5 | 931 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quintile | 158.5 | 903 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.13) |
| Third quintile | 193.4 | 853 | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) |
| Fourth quintile | 232.8 | 929 | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) |
| Fifth quintile | 301.9 | 1027 | 0.93 (0.84, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.25) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) |
| P-trend | 0.1615 | 0.8322 | 0.8250 | ||
1
Model 1 was energy partition adjusted; model 2 adjusted for variables in model 1 plus age, race-ethnicity, education, income, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer disease, hormone replacement therapy, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, stressful life events, social support, and energy-adjusted intakes of SFAs, MUFAs, PUFAs, and trans fatty acids; model 3 adjusted for variables in model 2 plus energy-adjusted intakes of fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, and fiber and Healthy Eating Index score.