TABLE 4.

Global metabolomic profiling of carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism of Hispanic children by obesity status¹

	Scaled, imputed values		Adjusted results2
Superpathway/subpathway and metabolites	Nonobese	Obese	t (reference nonobese)	P
Carbohydrate
Mannose	0.91 ± 0.22	1.11 ± 0.29	13.22	1.0 × 10−32
Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate
Glycerate	1.07 ± 0.36	0.98 ± 0.36	−3.81	1.5 × 10−4
Pyruvate	0.95 ± 0.42	1.15 ± 0.49	5.02	7.2 × 10−7
Pentose metabolism
Bilirubin (E-E)	1.37 ± 0.99	1.08 ± 0.75	−4.35	1.6 × 10−5
Nicotinate
N1-Methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide	0.87 ± 0.37	1.15 ± 0.48	8.37	5.0 × 10−16
Pantothenate and CoA
Pantothenate	0.96 ± 0.28	1.09 ± 0.27	7.85	2.3 × 10−14
Tocopherol
γ-Tocopherol	0.93 ± 0.35	1.13 ± 0.42	8.76	2.6 × 10−17
TCA3 cycle
Citrate	1.10 ± 0.29	0.96 ± 0.21	−8.21	1.7 × 10−15
Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine
Urate	0.92 ± 0.19	1.10 ± 0.24	13.24	1.0 × 10−32
Xanthine	0.97 ± 0.37	1.17 ± 0.48	5.94	5.2 × 10−9
Purine metabolism, adenine
N6-Carbamoylthreonyladenosine	0.93 ± 0.25	1.03 ± 0.23	5.48	6.6 × 10−8
N2-N2-Dimethylguanosine	0.93 ± 0.31	1.02 ± 0.29	5.27	1.9 × 10−7
Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil
5-Methyluridine (ribothymidine)	1.10 ± 0.69	0.96 ± 0.23	−6.84	2.1 × 10−11
N-Acetyl-β-alanine	1.00 ± 0.35	1.10 ± 0.35	5.03	6.8 × 10−7
Pseudouridine	0.97 ± 0.11	1.03 ± 0.12	7.39	5.7 × 10−13

¹All values are means ± SDs. Main effect of obesity status, P < 1.151 × 10⁻⁴.

²Mixed-effects linear regression model, adjusted for sex, age, and Tanner stage (ln metabolite).

³TCA, tricarboxylic acid.