Table 2.
Optical imaging devices developed for prescreening or early-stage breast cancer imaging
| Number | Reference | Modality | Measurement technique | Source type | Detector type | Size | Clinical application(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tromberg et al64 | DOS | FD (300 kHz–1 GHz) | Laser diodes (10–30 mW) (674 nm, 811 nm, 849 nm, 956 nm) | APD | – | Compare optical properties of normal and benign lesion-containing breast tissue |
| 2 | No et al79 | DOS | FD (10 MHz–1 GHz) | Eight laser diodes (50 mW) (783 nm) | APD | – | Noninvasive breast cancer detection based on frequency-domain photon migration |
| 3 | Nioka and Chance80 | DOS | CW | Light-emitting diodes (10–15 mA) (760 nm, 805 nm, 850 nm) | Eight silicon diode detectors | ∼9 cm diameter | Determine sensitivity and specificity of detecting breast cancer in 116 human subjects. Obtained 93% specificity and 96% sensitivity |
| 4 | Chance et al59 | DOS | CW | Two light-emitting diodes (20 mA) (800 nm) – out of phase sources | One silicon diode detector | 9.3×6.5×3 cm3 (similar in size to glucose meter) | Detection and 2D localization of breast cancer lesion in a human subject |
| 5 | Cheng et al83 | DOS | CW | Laser diodes (0.15 W/cm2) (690 nm, 830 nm) | PMT | 5.5×5.5×10.2 cm3 | Determine sensitivity and specificity of detecting ductal carcinoma in 50 human subjects. Obtained 92% diagnosed sensitivity and 67% diagnosed specificity |
| 6 | Zhu et al114 | DOT and US | FD (200 MHz) | Eight dual-wavelength laser diodes (690 nm, 780 nm, 830 nm) | APD | – | Image benign and malignant lesions at early stage in breast tissue |
| 7 | Flexman et al115 | DOS (wireless) | CW | Laser diodes (10 mW) (780 nm, 808 nm, 850 nm, 904 nm) | Two silicon photodiodes | 11.5×16×2.5 cm3 | Liquid phantom studies to demonstrate measurement of HbO, HbR, and scattering in tissues. In vivo data not available |
| 8 | Xu et al60 | DOI (P-Scan Imager, Vioptix Inc.) | CW | Eight dual-wavelength laser diodes (690 nm, 830 nm) | Eight silicon photodiodes | 5.5×5.5×10.2 cm3 | In vivo human tissue studies for dynamic characterization by reconstructing absorption coefficients. In vivo breast imaging studies are not available |
| 9 | Labib et al116 | Breast illumination | CW | 617 nm visible red light | Naked eye | – | Imaged 310 women (43.6±12.4 years) for breast screening. Obtained 73.7% specificity, 93% sensitivity, 91.4% PPV, 77.8% NPV, and 88.2% accuracy. Detects lesions 15 mm and above |
| 10 | Rodriguez et al117 | DOI (NIROS) | CW | Light-emitting diode (710 nm) | CMOS camera | 5×7×15 cm3 | In vivo breast imaging studies using tumor- like targets. No data from breast cancer subjects |
Abbreviations: APD, avalanche photodiode; CMOS, complementary metal oxide semiconductor; CW, continuous wave; DOI, diffuse optical imaging; DOS, diffuse optical spectroscopy; DOT, diffuse optical tomography; FD, frequency domain; NIROS, near-infrared optical scanner; PMT, photon multiplier tube; PPV, Positive predictive value; NPV, Negative predictive value; US, ultrasound.