Table 3.
Unadjusted mean (SD) costs and resource use, stratified by surgical procedure and presence or absence of uncontrolled bleeding despite hemostat use
| Surgery type | All-cause cost, US$ (SD) | Cost of hemostatic agent, US$ (SD) | LOS, days (SD) | ICU stay, days (SD) | Operation time, minutes (SD) | Reoperation, N (%) | Infection, N (%) | Ventilator use, N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac revascularization | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 44,327 (30,565) | 406 (531) | 7.8 (6.4) | 5.7 (6.4) | 332.3 (129.0) | 989 (13.9) | 1,818 (25.5) | 6,841 (95.9) |
| Controlled | 35,125 (17,601) | 254 (329) | 5.7 (3.4) | 3.6 (3.8) | 312.5 (143.5) | 372 (6.6) | 641 (11.3) | 5,177 (91.4) |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ,.0001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac valve surgery | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 61,323 (44,151) | 508 (692) | 10 (8.2) | 6.8 (8.8) | 376.1 (168.1) | 1,464 (27.0) | 1,613 (29.8) | 5,219 (96.3) |
| Controlled | 45,593 (25,559) | 311 (395) | 6.8 (4.5) | 4.0 (4.6) | 342.5 (179.9) | 365 (14.1) | 350 (13.5) | 2,426 (93.4) |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cholecystectomy | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 29,582 (27,167) | 287 (387) | 8.7 (8.3) | 5.6 (6.9) | 196.0 (431.8) | 104 (17.1) | 260 (42.7) | 181 (29.7) |
| Controlled | 17,180 (13,448) | 203 (275) | 5.0 (3.5) | 3.1 (3.3) | 173.7 (129.6) | 71 (7.3) | 207 (21.4) | 79 (8.2) |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.222 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cystectomy | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 40,238 (62,047) | 314 (372) | 12 (12.6) | 4.4 (5.1) | 389.7 (150.2) | 36 (14.3) | 70 (27.8) | 47 (18.7) |
| Controlled | 29,717 (18,431) | 352 (533) | 9.0 (4.9) | 3.0 (2.9) | 484.3 (1320.8) | 11 (6.4) | 26 (15.2) | 20 (11.7) |
| P-value | 0.012 | 0.424 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.358 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.055 |
| Pancreatic surgery | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 58,891 (49,789) | 457 (618) | 17 (13.2) | 7.0 (9.1) | 450.5 (155.0) | 63 (27.2) | 95 (40.9) | 96 (41.4) |
| Controlled | 37,001 (28,276) | 368 (377) | 10 (8.4) | 3.5 (6.9) | 437.2 (168.6) | 16 (6.9) | 57 (24.6) | 31 (13.4) |
| P-value | <0.001 | 0.063 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.378 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Partial hepatic resection | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 42,819 (54,515) | 674 (899) | 9.9 (10.4) | 5.9 (8.5) | 319.2 (140.4) | 25 (10.7) | 59 (25.3) | 65 (27.9) |
| Controlled | 21,035 (10,874) | 451 (411) | 5.5 (2.7) | 2.1 (1.9) | 294.9 (233.1) | 18 (4.7) | 46 (11.9) | 24 (6.2) |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.107 | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary surgery | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 40,211 (33,239) | 799 (1,053) | 11 (9.6) | 8.5 (11.6) | 270.8 (118.2) | 83 (27.5) | 116 (38.4) | 120 (39.7) |
| Controlled | 24,361 (14,893) | 347 (592) | 7.1 (4.3) | 3.6 (3.7) | 249.3 (94.7) | 57 (8.7) | 106 (16.3) | 122 (18.7) |
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Radical abdominal hysterectomy | ||||||||
| Uncontrolled | 24,203 (17,854) | 592 (625) | 7.1 (5.8) | 5.2 (6.4) | 280.4 (116.9) | 4 (5.8) | 26 (37.7) | 10 (14.5) |
| Controlled | 14,420 (7,444) | 361 (515) | 4.1 (2.5) | 2.2 (2.1) | 242.8 (100.2) | 3 (2.4) | 24 (18.9) | 4 (3.1) |
| P-value | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.245 | 0.004 | 0.007 |
Abbreviations: Controlled, controlled bleeding despite hemostat use; uncontrolled, uncontrolled bleeding despite hemostat use; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; N, number of patients; SD, standard deviation.