TABLE 1.
Selected Maternal and Child Characteristics Compared Between Children With Isolated Orofacial Cleft (OFC) and Children Without a Major Birth Defect and Characteristics Compared Between These Children in Both Groups (Responders) and Those Whose Mother Did Not Respond to the Survey (Nonresponders)*
| Responders |
Nonresponders |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Children With Isolated OFC (N = 112) N(%†) | Children Without a Major Birth Defect (N = 138) N (%†) | Children With Isolated OFC (N = 251) N(%†) | Children Without a Major Birth Defect (N = 365) N (%†) |
| Child | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 73 (65.2%) | 69 (50.0%) | 140 (55.8%) | 188 (51.5%) |
| Female | 39 (34.8%) | 69 (50.0%) | 111 (44.2%) | 177 (48.5%) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 93 (83.0%) | 96 (69.6%) | 202 (80.5%) | 243 (66.5%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3 (2.7%) | 23 (16.7%) | 42 (16.7%) | 107 (29.3%) |
| Multiracial‡ | 5 (4.5%) | 9 (6.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Other§ | 11 (9.8%) | 10 (7.3%) | 7 (2.8%) | 15 (4.1%) |
| Cleft type | ||||
| Cleft lip only | 31 (27.7%) | NA | 50 (19.9%) | NA |
| Cleft lip with cleft palate | 45 (40.2%) | NA | 125 (49.8%) | NA |
| Cleft palate only | 36 (32.1%) | NA | 76 (30.3%) | NA |
| Preterm birth | ||||
| <37 weeks' gestation | 16 (14.3%) | 16 (11.6%) | 38 (15.1%) | 37 (10.1%) |
| ≥37 weeks' gestation | 96 (85.7%) | 122 (88.4%) | 213 (84.9%) | 328 (89.9%) |
| Birth weight | ||||
| Low or very low (<2,500 g) | 14 (12.5%) | 10 (7.3%) | 37 (14.7%) | 30 (8.2%) |
| Normal (≥2,500 g) | 98 (87.5%) | 128 (92.8%) | 214 (85.3%) | 335 (91.8%) |
| Age at survey | ||||
| 5–6 years | 32 (28.6%) | 27 (19.6%) | 49 (19.5%) | 82 (22.5%) |
| 7–8 years | 34 (30.4%) | 41 (29.7%) | 72 (28.7%) | 101 (27.7%) |
| 9–10 years | 29 (25.9%) | 33 (23.9%) | 72 (28.7%) | 106 (29.0%) |
| 11–12 years | 17 (15.2%) | 37 (26.8%) | 58 (23.1%) | 76 (20.8%) |
| Socioeconomic status¥ | ||||
| 0 (High) | 55 (49.1%) | 82 (59.4%) | NA | NA |
| 1 | 20 (17.9%) | 25 (18.1%) | NA | NA |
| 2 | 16 (14.3%) | 12 (8.7%) | NA | NA |
| 3 (Low) | 14 (12.5%) | 14 (10.1%) | NA | NA |
| Mother | ||||
| Relationship to child | ||||
| Biological mother | 107 (95.5%) | 138 (100.0%) | NA | NA |
| Other | 2 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA | NA |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 85 (75.9%) | 102 (73.9%) | NA | NA |
| Other# | 25 (22.3%) | 34 (24.6%) | NA | NA |
| Age at child's birth | ||||
| ≤20 years | 17 (15.2%) | 16 (11.6%) | 50 (19.9%) | 76 (20.8%) |
| 21–25 years | 29 (25.9%) | 21 (15.2%) | 77 (30.7%) | 106 (29.0%) |
| 26–30 years | 30 (26.8%) | 50 (36.2%) | 67 (26.7%) | 105 (28.8%) |
| 31–35 years | 27 (24.1%) | 37 (26.8%) | 35 (13.9%) | 55 (15.1%) |
| ≥36 years | 9 (8.0%) | 14 (10.1%) | 22 (8.8%) | 23 (6.3%) |
Characteristic values in bold are statistically significant (P < .05). Among responders, children with isolated OFC are compared with children without a major birth defect. Among nonresponders, children with isolated OFC are compared with responders of children with isolated OFC. Nonresponders for children without a major birth defect are compared with responders of children without a major birth defect.
Percentages may not add to 100% due to missing values.
The multiracial category was created to include mothers who reported their child's race as more than one race category.
Other races included American Indian, Alaska native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic, multiracial, or other.
Socioeconomic status included household income, maternal education, and child's insurance status. Low indicated a low response in all three of these characteristics (mother's education ≤high school degree; household income <$25,000; and the child had public or no insurance). In comparison, high socioeconomic status indicated that the child had the opposite of these characteristics (mother's education >high school degree; household income ≥$25,000, and the child had private insurance).
Other respondent relationship included biological father and grandmother.
Other marital status included divorced, widowed, separated, never married, and unmarried couple.