Table 1. Classification of tree fructification [43].

Class	Description
absent	fructification is absent or inconsiderable; even reasonably lengthy observation of the crown with binoculars yields no signs of fruiting
scarce	sporadic occurrence of fruiting, not noticeable at first sight; it must be looked for on purpose with binoculars
common	fructification can be observed with the naked eye; the appearance of the tree is influenced but not dominated by fructification
abundant	fructification is obvious and immediately meets the eye; dominates the tree's appearance
mast	more than one third of beech trees with common and/or abundant fructification