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Model of associations among RUNX-2, SOX-9 and FGF-23 in human chondrocytes. SOX-9 is up-regulated in normal chondrocytes and acts as a repressor of RUNX-2, which in turn suppresses the expression of MMP-13. On the other hand, FGF-23 is highly expressed in OA chondrocytes and activates RUNX-2 expression which in turn up-regulates MMP-13 expression.
