Table 1.
Demographics of Development-group and Validation-groups at enrollment *
| Variable | Category | Development Group | Validation Group-1 | Validation Group-2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cSLE (n=40) | Control (n=40) | p-value | cSLE (n=34) | Control (n=27) | p-value | cSLE (n=68) | Control (n=18) | p-value | ||
| Age (years) | 14.8 ± 2.3 | 13.9 ± 3.2 | 0.21 | 16.17 ± 2.3 | 15.6 ± 2.3 | 0.34 | 15.3 ± 3.3 | 14.0 ± 2.5 | 0.131 | |
| Female (%) | Yes | 85 | 85 | 1.0 | 82.4 | 85.2 | 0.77 | 91.2 | 72.2 | 0.032 |
| Ethnicity (%) | ||||||||||
| White | 30 | 32.5 | 0.98 | 29.4 | 33.3 | 0.96 | 30.9 | 94.4 | <0.001 | |
| African American | 45 | 47.5 | 47.1 | 40.7 | 30.9 | 5.6 | ||||
| Hispanic | 17.5 | 15 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 11.8 | 0 | ||||
| Asian and other | 7.5 | 5 | 8.8 | 11.1 | 26.5 | 0 | ||||
| Grade Level (%) | ||||||||||
| Elementary School (4–6) | 20 | 20 | 1.0 | 13.3 | 16.7 | 0.91 | 18.6 | 22.2 | 0.321 | |
| Middle School (7–8) | 17.5 | 17.5 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 15.3 | 33.3 | ||||
| High School (9–12) | 62.5 | 62.5 | 80 | 75 | 55.9 | 38.9 | ||||
| College | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.2 | 5.6 | ||||
| Maternal education level (%) | ||||||||||
| No High School Diploma | 7.5 | 10 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 0.72 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 0.523 | |
| Complete High School Diploma | 30 | 37.5 | 21.9 | 30.1 | 16.7 | 11.1 | ||||
| Education Beyond High School | 62.5 | 52.2 | 75 | 65.4 | 78.8 | 83.3 | ||||
| Annual Family Income | ||||||||||
| < $ 25K | 20 | 15.8 | 0.81 | 24.2 | 7.4 | 0.24 | 14.3 | 5.6 | 0.057 | |
| $26K-$50K | 35 | 34.2 | 27.3 | 33.3 | 31.7 | 5.6 | ||||
| $51K-$75K | 20 | 28.9 | 18.2 | 33.3 | 12.7 | 16.7 | ||||
| >$75K | 25 | 21.1 | 30.3 | 25.9 | 41.3 | 72.1 | ||||
| Treated with oral steroids (%) | 77.5 | 50 | 76.5 | |||||||
| Prednisone dose (mg/day) | 19.8 ± 17.4 | 10.15 ±10.2 | 17.1 ± 16.1 | |||||||
| Disease activity, SLEDAI‡ | 4.9 ± 4.4 | 4.2 ± 3.6 | 4.3 ± 4.7 | |||||||
| PCF-43 (T-score)† | - | - | - | - | 60.5 ± 7.9 | 63.2 ± 5.8 | 0.167 | |||
| Neurocogn. dysfunction (%)¥ | 22.5 | 7.5 | 0.06 | 18.2 | 14.3 | 0.682 | 8.8 | 11.1 | 0.766 | |
*
Values are means± standard deviations unless stated otherwise
cSLE = childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
‡
Systemic Lupus Disease Activity Index 2k version; range 0 – 104; 0 = inactive SLE
†
PCF-43 questionnaire: Perceived Cognition Functioning −43 questionnaire
¥
Neurocognitive dysfunction categories are defined based on z-scores of the standardized tests completed for the formal neurocognitive testing (FNCT) on the research cohort, and on T-scores of the pediatric perceived cognitive function questionnaire-43 (PedsPCF-43) on the clinical cohort.