Table 2.
Descriptive data on ranges, covariate adjusted T-scores, and frequencies (%) of elevated T-scores for the mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and orthopedic injury (OI) groups for the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Rating Form (TRF).
| 3-month CBCL | 12-month CBCL | 12-month TRF | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scale | mTBI | OI | mTBI | OI | mTBI | OI |
| Total Behavior Problem: | ||||||
| Range | 23–74 | 23–77 | 23–75 | 23–80 | 31–75 | 31–82 |
| Adjusted mean (se) | 48.57 (0.54) | 46.71 (0.75) | 47.65 (0.59) | 46.63 (0.83) | 47.77 (0.82) | 48.10 (1.09) |
| T-score ≥60 | 29 (17%) | 17 (19%) | 21 (13%) | 13 (16%) | 18 (15%) | 18 (27%) |
| T-score>65 | 11 (6%) | 9 (10%) | 7 (4%) | 9 (11%) | 6 (5%) | 12 (18%) |
| T-score>70 | 7 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 4 (2%) | 5 (6%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (6%) |
| Internalizing Problems: | ||||||
| Range | 31–77 | 31–80 | 31–72 | 31–79 | 36–71 | 36–77 |
| Adjusted mean (se) | 48.94 (0.59) | 47.14 (0.83) | 47.85 (0.64) | 47.16 (0.90) | 47.64 (0.94) | 48.75 (1.26) |
| T-score ≥60 | 29 (17%) | 18 (20%) | 19 (12%) | 13 (16%) | 18 (15%) | 13 (20%) |
| T-score>65 | 13 (8%) | 10 (11%) | 8 (5%) | 8 (10%) | 4 (3%) | 5 (8%) |
| T-score>70 | 6 (3%) | 5 (6%) | 3 (2%) | 4 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (6%) |
| Externalizing Problems: | ||||||
| Range | 30–74 | 30–73 | 30–76 | 32–78 | 39–77 | 39–80 |
| Adjusted mean (se) | 47.89 (0.47) | 47.05 (0.66) | 48.15 (0.59) | 47.19 (0.82) | 48.23 (0.71) | 48.38 (0.95) |
| T-score ≥60 | 20 (12%) | 13 (14%) | 21 (13%) | 14 (17%) | 15 (12%) | 18 (27%) |
| T-score>65 | 7 (4%) | 9 (10%) | 7 (4%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (3%) | 9 (14%) |
| T-score>70 | 5 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 5 (8%) |
| Social Problems: | ||||||
| Range | 50–87 | 50–83 | 50–73 | 50–81 | 50–81 | 50–74 |
| Adjusted mean (se) | 54.35 (0.37) | 53.18 (0.52) | 53.02 (0.35) | 53.61 (0.49) | 52.31 (0.45) | 53.32 (0.60) |
| T-score ≥60 | 28 (16%) | 17 (19%) | 16 (10%) | 16 (19%) | 12 (10%) | 17 (26%) |
| T-score>65 | 14 (8%) | 11 (12%) | 6 (4%) | 14 (17%) | 3 (3%) | 4 (6%) |
| T-score>70 | 4 (2%) | 4 (4%) | 1 (1%) | 5 (6%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) |
| Thought Problems: | ||||||
| Range | 50–76 | 50–76 | 50–76 | 50–73 | 50–70 | 50–70 |
| Adjusted mean (se) | 53.48 (0.35) | 52.70 (0.48) | 53.11 (0.35) | 52.51 (0.49) | 51.40 (0.38) | 50.96 (0.50) |
| T-score ≥60 | 17 (10%) | 14 (16%) | 16 (10%) | 11 (13%) | 4 (3%) | 6 (9%) |
| T-score>65 | 8 (5%) | 8 (9%) | 6 (4%) | 9 (11%) | 2 (2%) | 4 (6%) |
| T-score>70 | 2 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Attention Problems: | ||||||
| Range | 50–82 | 50–84 | 50–78 | 50–81 | 50–84 | 50–81 |
| Adjusted mean (se) | 54.96 (0.35) | 53.46 (0.48) | 53.64 (0.35) | 54.01 (0.50) | 53.61 (0.65) | 54.21 (0.87) |
| T-score ≥60 | 36 (21%) | 14 (16%) | 17 (10%) | 17 (20%) | 17 (14%) | 20 (30%) |
| T-score>65 | 20 (12%) | 6 (7%) | 10 (6%) | 6 (7%) | 6 (5%) | 13 (20%) |
| T-score>70 | 10 (6%) | 4 (4%) | 4 (2%) | 3 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 4 (6%) |
Note: se = standard error. Means for both CBCL and TRF ratings are adjusted for SES and race. Means for post-injury CBCL ratings were additionally adjusted for corresponding pre-injury CBCL ratings. Despite the unexpected trend for T-score elevations to be higher for the OI group than for the mTBI group, this same trend was evident on most of the pre-injury ratings. Frequencies of pre-injury CBCL T-scores ≥60 for the mTBI and OI groups, respectively, were 22 (13%) vs. 23 (26%) for the Total Problem scale, 24 (14%) vs. 19 (21%) for Internalizing, 23 (13%) vs. 20 (22%) for Externalizing, 25 (14%) vs. 25 (28%) for Social Problems, 28 (16%) vs. 21 (23%) for Thought Problems, and 43 (24%) vs. 18 (20%) for Attention Problems. See text for findings from analysis of covariate-adjusted group differences in raw ratings, T-scores ≥60, and effects of age at injury and time (3- versus 12-months, CBCL only).