TABLE 3.
Food insecurity at age 5 y in relation to anthropometry at age 8 y, Young Lives younger cohort, by country1
| Ethiopia (n = 1757) |
India (n = 1825) |
Peru (n = 1844) |
Vietnam (n = 1828) |
|||||
| Age and sex-adjusted | Fully adjusted2 | Age and sex-adjusted | Fully adjusted2 | Age and sex-adjusted | Fully adjusted2 | Age and sex-adjusted | Fully adjusted2 | |
| Age 8 y HAZ | ||||||||
| Food insecure at age 5 y | −0.28*** (-0.40, −0.16) | −0.17** (−0.29, −0.05) | −0.58*** (−0.73, −0.44) | −0.34*** (−0.48, −0.20) | −0.31*** (−0.45, −0.17) | −0.15* (−0.27, −0.03) | −0.71*** (−1.03, −0.39) | −0.31*** (−0.48, −0.14) |
| Food insecure at age 5 y3 | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.06) | −0.15** (−0.25, −0.05) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.01) | −0.06* (−0.12, −0.005) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.02) | −0.12* (−0.21, −0.03) | −0.09* (−0.17, −0.01) |
| Age 5 y HAZ4 | 0.70*** (0.64, 0.76) | 0.68*** (0.62, 0.75) | 0.82*** (0.78, 0.86) | 0.77*** (0.73, 0.82) | 0.79*** (0.76, 0.82) | 0.74*** (0.70, 0.79) | 0.87*** (0.82, 0.92) | 0.84* (0.78, 0.90) |
| Age 8 y BMI-Z | ||||||||
| Food insecure at age 5 y | −0.14 (−0.28, 0.01) | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.04) | −0.19* (−0.35, −0.04) | −0.08 (−0.23, 0.07) | −0.16* (−0.28, −0.04) | −0.10 (−0.21, 0.02) | −0.31** (−0.54, −0.08) | −0.15 (−0.32, 0.02) |
| Food insecure at age 5 y3 | −0.13* (−0.24, −0.01) | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.03) | −0.18** (−0.31, −0.05) | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.06) | −0.11**(−0.20, −0.03) | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.02) | −0.19* (−0.34, 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.10) |
| Age 5y BMI-Z4 | 0.46*** (0.40, 0.51) | 0.46*** (0.41, 0.50) | 0.68*** (0.60, 0.75) | 0.67*** (0.60, 0.74) | 0.69*** (0.63, 0.76) | 0.67*** (0.61, 0.74) | 0.84*** (0.79, 0.90) | 0.80*** (0.76, 0.85) |
Values are z scores (95% CIs) and represent the difference in anthropometry at age 8 y between children who were from food-insecure households at age 5 y and children from food-secure households at age 5 y. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. BMI-Z, body mass index-for-age z score; HAZ, height-for-age z score.
Adjusted for rural residence, community wealth, whether the household was interviewed in a food-scarce month, maternal age, maternal height, maternal education, paternal education, and child age and sex.
Includes age 5 y anthropometry and food security status.
Values represent the change in age 8 y z scores with a 1 z change in age 5 y z scores.