TABLE 3.
Regression-adjusted mean purchases of >1% fat, low-sugar milk, total SSBs, non-SSBs, total beverages, and total foods, and predicted change in grams/kilocalories purchased per capita for select beverages associated with taxes of 10%, 15%, and 20% on SSBs, and on SSBs and >1% fat and/or high-sugar milk (n = 56,963)1
| 10% Increase in price |
15% Increase in price |
20% Increase in price |
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| Change in quantity purchased | Regression-adjusted mean purchases (no taxes),2 g | SSBs, g | SSBs and >1% fat and/or high-sugar milk, g | SSBs, g | SSBs and >1% fat and/or high-sugar milk, g | SSBs, g | SSBs and >1% fat and/or high-sugar milk, g |
| Total SSBs | 106 ± 1.8 | −1.8 ± 2.5 | −1.5 ± 3.1 | −2.6 ± 3.6 | −2.1 ± 4.6 | −3.4 ± 4.7 | −2.8 ± 6.0 |
| Soft drinks | 28.8 ± 2.0 | −1.0 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 1.5 | −1.4 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 2.3 | −1.9 ± 2.4 | 1.0 ± 3.0 |
| Sport and energy drinks | 7.5 ± 3.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3** | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4** | −0.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5** | −0.2 ± 0.5 |
| Juice drinks | 24.0 ± 1.6 | −1.2 ± 0.8* | −1.0 ± 0.8 | −1.8 ± 1.1* | −1.5 ± 1.2 | −2.3 ± 1.5* | −1.9 ± 1.5 |
| Total >1% fat and/or high-sugar milk | 89 ± 1.6 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | −6.2 ± 2.4* | 0.8 ± 1.5 | −8.9 ± 3.5* | 1.0 ± 1.9 | −11.4 ± 4.6* |
| >1% fat, high-sugar milk | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1* | 0.0 ± 0.1 | −0.2 ± 0.1* | 0.0 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.2* |
| >1% fat, low-sugar milk | 86.1 ± 1.6 | 0.0 ± 2.7 | −6.0 ± 8.2 | 0.0 ± 4.0 | −8.6 ± 12.4 | 0.1 ± 5.2 | −11.1 ± 16.6 |
| Low-fat, high-sugar milk | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | −0.1 ± 0.1 |
| Low-fat, low-sugar milk | 7.4 ± 1.9 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.5* | −0.1 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.8* | −0.1 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 1.1* |
| 100% Juice | 8.3 ± 1.8 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 1.1 |
| Diet beverages | 12.3 ± 2.2 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | −0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | −0.5 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | −0.7 ± 1.6 |
| Bottled and flavored water | 28.3 ± 13.6 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | −0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 1.6 | −0.2 ± 1.5 | 1.1 ± 2.2 | −0.3 ± 1.9 |
| Other (non-SSB) beverages | 340 ± 1.4 | 2.6 ± 6.6 | −2.5 ± 12.8 | 3.8 ± 9.7 | −3.6 ± 18.9 | 5.0 ± 12.7 | −4.7 ± 24.9 |
| Total beverages | 434 ± 1.3 | −3.2 ± 7.4 | −2.7 ± 10.2 | −4.6 ± 10.9 | −3.9 ± 15.1 | −6.0 ± 14.3 | −5.1 ± 19.8 |
| Dairy products (excluding milk) | 30.8 ± 1.4 | −0.2 ± 0.0 | −0.7 ± 48.4 | −0.2 ± 0.0 | −1.0 ± 4.7 | −0.3 ± 0.0 | −1.2 ± 0.5 |
| Meat, poultry, fish, and mixed meat dishes | 20.7 ± 1.5 | −0.5 ± 0.0 | −0.4 ± 93.1 | −0.7 ± 0.0 | −0.6 ± 92.9 | −0.9 ± 0.0 | −0.7 ± 6.2 |
| Other proteins | 9.4 ± 1.4 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | −0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | −0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | −0.5 ± 0.5 |
| Grain products (excluding RTE desserts) | 64.0 ± 1.2 | −0.2 ± 0.0 | −0.9 ± 105.7 | −0.3 ± 0.0 | −1.2 ± 105.8 | −0.4 ± 0.0 | −1.6 ± 13.9 |
| Fruits and vegetables | 63.2 ± 1.4 | −0.5 ± 1.2 | −1.0 ± 1.4 | −0.8 ± 1.8 | −1.5 ± 2.1 | −1.0 ± 2.4 | −1.9 ± 2.7 |
| Fats, oils, sauces, and condiments | 28.4 ± 4.7 | −0.2 ± 0.6 | −0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.3 ± 0.9 | −0.5 ± 0.8 | −0.4 ± 1.2 | −0.7 ± 1.0 |
| Sweets and snacks | 66.9 ± 1.3 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 1.3 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 1.9 | 0.9 ± 1.8 | 0.7 ± 2.4 |
| “Other” foods | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | −0.1 ± 0.4 |
| Mixed dishes and soups | 40.6 ± 1.5 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | −1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | −1.8 ± 1.2 | 0.4 ± 1.7 | −2.3 ± 1.6 |
| Total foods | 331 ± 1.2 | −0.1 ± 3.8 | −3.0 ± 9.1 | −0.1 ± 5.5 | −4.3 ± 13.4 | −0.1 ± 7.2 | −5.7 ± 17.6 |
| Total foods/beverages | 766 ± 1.2 | −2.7 ± 8.7 | −7.4 ± 21.4 | −4.0 ± 12.8 | −10.8 ± 31.6 | −5.2 ± 16.8 | −14.0 ± 41.5 |
Values are means ± SEs. **Significantly different from mean value with no tax, P < 0.05; *Significantly different from mean value with no tax, P < 0.10. FPL, federal poverty level; RTE, ready-to-eat; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.
Models were adjusted for household composition (number of household members by gender and age: 2–5 y; 6–11 y; 12–18 y; ≥19 y); household income as a percent of the FPL (≤100% FPL; >100–130% FPL; >130–185% FPL; >185–400% FPL; and >400% FPL), education level (highest level of education completed by head of household), race/ethnicity, and quarterly unemployment rate by market, year, and quarter.