Table 1.

Major biological functions of venom from parasitoid wasps.

Biological Functions	Wasp	Parasitism	Host	Reference
Paralysis
pimplin	Pimpla hypochondriaca	Endo	Lacanobia oleracea	[19]
philanthotoxins	Philanthus triangulum	Ecto	Schistocerca gregaria	[12]
Brh-I & -II	Bracon hebetor	Ecto	Diaprepes abbreviatus	[20]
GABA, β-alanine, taurine	Ampulex compressa	Ecto	Periplaneta americana	[11]
Hemocyte inactivation
VPr1	Pimpla hypochondriaca	Endo	L. oleracea	[21]
VPr3	Pimpla hypochondriaca	Endo	L. oleracea	[22]
Vn.11	Pteromalus puparum	Endo	Pieris rapae	[23]
VP P4, RhoGAP	Leptopilina boulardi	Endo	Drosophila melanogaster	[24]
calreticulin	Cotesia rubecula	Endo	P. rapae	[25]
	Pteromalus puparum	Endo	P. rapae	[26]
SERCA *	Ganaspis sp.1	Endo	D. melanogaster	[27]
Inhibition of melanization
LbSPNy	Leptopilina boulardi	Endo	D. melanogaster	[28]
Vn50	Cotesia rubecula	Endo	P. rapae	[29]
Interrupting development
Reprolysin	Eulophus pennicornis	Ecto	L. oleracea	[6]
Enhancing PDVs
Vn1.5	Cotesia rubecula	Endo	P. rapae	[30]
Castration
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase	Aphidius ervi	Endo	Acyrthosiphon pisum	[31]
Anti-microbial
PP13, PP102, PP113	Pteromalus puparum	Endo	P. rapae	[32]

* sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase.