Table 1.
RCTs of phenolic compounds (catechols, stilbenes and beer/wine) in CVD risk.
| Group (Class) | Author/Date | Jadad Score | Design (Follow up) | (n) Population | Intervention | Outcomes | Significant Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Wong et al. (2011) [19] | 5 | 2B, X (1 h) | (19) Overweight/obese + ↑ BP men or post-menopausal women | 30 mg, 90 mg, 270 mg RSV vs. PCB | EF | ↑ EF, more with highest dose |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Wong et al. (2013) [20] * | 5 | 2B, X (1 h) | (28) obese subjects | Acute intervention: 75 mg/trans-resveratrol (Resvida) vs. PCB after chronic intervention | FMD | ↑ FMD |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Wong et al. (2013) [20] * | 5 | 2B, X (6 weeks) | (28) obese subjects | 75 mg/day trans-resveratrol (Resvida) vs. PCB | BP, AR, BMI, FMD | ↑ FMD |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Bo et al. (2013) [21] | 5 | 2B, X (60 days(wash-out 30 days)) | (50) Healthy smokers | 500 mg RSV/d vs. PCB | BP, Anthropometry, lipids profile, CHO metabolism, TAS, hsCRP, | ↓ hsCRP, TAG, ↑ TAS |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Militaru et al. (2013) [22] | 3 | 2B, Ctrl, PA (60 days) | (166) BMI 24–27 kg/m2, stable angina pectoris | 20 mg/day RSV, 20 mg/day RSV + 112 mg/day CF, 112 mg/day CF | Lipids profile, hsCRP, left ventricular function markers | ↓ TC, TAG greater in RSV, hsCRP greater in CF, NT-proBNP more effective RSV+CF |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2013) [23] | 4 | 3B, PCB (1 year) | (75) Stable CAD patients | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB (6 months); double dose next 6 months | PBMCs, inflammatory and fibrinolytic biomarkers | ↑ adiponectin, ↓ PAI-1, significantly activated or inhibited 6 key inflammation-related transcription factors in PBMCs |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2012) [24] | 4 | 3B, PCB (6 months) | (75) Primary prevention of CVD | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB | Lipids profile, oxidized LDL | ↓ LDLc, ApoB, LDLox and LDLox/ApoB ratio, ↑ nonHDLc/ApoB ratio in GE-RES |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2013) [25] | 5 | 3B, PCB, dose–response (1 year) | (35) T2D, HT with CAD | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB (6 months); double dose next 6 months | PBMCs, inflammatory, fibrinolytic biomarkers | ↓ CCL3, IL-1β, TNF-α expression, ↑ transcriptional repressor LRRFIP-1 in PBMCs with GE-RES |
| Phenols (Stilbenes) | Tomé-Carneiro et al. (2012) [26] | 4 | 3B, PCB (1 year) | (75) Primary prevention of CVD | 350 mg/day GE, 350 mg/day GE-RES vs. PCB (6 months); double dose next 6 months | Inflammatory and fibrinolytic biomarkers | ↓ CRP, TNF-α, PAI-1, IL-6/IL-10 ratio, sICAM ↑ IL-10, adiponectin in GE-RES |
| Phenols (Catechols) | Alwi et al. (2008) [27] | 4 | 2B, PCB (2 months) | (75) ACS patients | 45 mg/day, 90 mg/day or 180 mg/day curcumin vs. PCB | Lipids profile | Not significant effect |
| Phenols (Catechols) | Chuengsamarn et al. (2014) [28] | 5 | 2B, PCB (6 months) | (240) T2D patients | 750 mg/day curcumin vs. PCB | BP, anthropometry, lipids profile, adiponectin, leptin, CHO metabolism, PWV, uric acid | ↓ PWV, HOMA, TAG, uric acid, abdominal obesity and leptin, ↑ adiponectin. |
| Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Botden et al. (2012) [29] | 4 | 2B, PCB, three-period X (4 weeks) | (61) HT subjects | 280 mg/day red wine polyphenols or 560 mg/day red wine polyphenols vs. PCB | BP | No significant effect |
| Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Chiva-Blanch et al. (2014) [30] | 4 | 2B, PCB, X (4 weeks) | (36) High risk of CVD males | Beer (30 g alcohol/day), the equivalent amount of polyphenols in the form of non-alcoholic beer, or gin (30 g alcohol/day) | Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and EPC-mobilizing factors | Beer and non-alcoholic beer interventions, ↑-circulating EPC. No significant differences were observed after the gin period |
| Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Chiva-Blanch et al. (2012) [31] | 3 | X (4 weeks) | (67) High risk of CVD males | Red wine (30 g alcohol/day), the equivalent amount of dealcoholized red wine, or gin (30 g alcohol/day) | BP and plasma nitric oxide | Dealcoholized red wine ↓ DBP and SBP |
| Polyphenols (Wine/beer) | Chiva-Blanch et al. (2012) [32] | 3 | X (4 weeks) | (67) High risk of CVD males | Red wine (30 g alcohol/day), the equivalent amount of dealcoholized red wine, or gin (30 g alcohol/day) | Inflammatory biomarkers | Alcohol ↑ IL-10 and ↓ macrophage-derived chemokine concentrations. Phenolic compounds of Red wine ↓ serum concentrations of ICAM-1, E-selectin, and IL-6 |
2B, double-blinded, 3B, triple-blinded, ACS, acute coronary syndrome; Apo, apolipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CAD, chronic artery disease; CHO, carbohydrate; CCL-3, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 3 CRP, C-reactive protein; hsCRP, high sensitivity c-reactive protein; Ctrl, control, CVD, cardiovascular disease; EF, endothelial function; EPC, endothelial progenitor cells; FMD, flow mediated dilation; GE, grape extract; GE-RES, grape extract containing RSV (8mg); HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; HT, hypertension; sICAM, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; IL, interleukin; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLox, oxidized LDL; LRRFIP-1, leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PCB, placebo, PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PWV, pulse wave velocity; RSV, resveratrol; TAG, triacylglycerols; TC, total cholesterol; TNF-α,tumour necrosis factor alpha; T2D, type 2 diabetes; X, crossover design. * Included after proofreading.