Table 2.
Association of total energy intake with BMI z-scores, %BF, FMI, FFMI and WHR among children aged 8–14 years 1.
| Total Energy Intake 2 | p for | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | Trend 3 | |
| Boys n = 572 | 190 | 191 | 191 | |
| BMI z-scores | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.1 (−0.0, 0.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.02 |
| Adjusted 4 | −0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.003 |
| %BF | ||||
| Unadjusted | 15.6 (14.4, 16.8) | 17.8 (16.6, 19.0) | 18.1 (16.9, 19.3) | 0.01 |
| Adjusted 5 | 16.2 (14.3, 18.1) | 17.6 (15.6, 19.6) | 17.9 (15.9, 19.9) | 0.04 |
| FMI | ||||
| Unadjusted | 3.1 (2.8, 3.3) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | 0.001 |
| Adjusted 5 | 3.3 (2.9, 3.6) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.7) | 3.7 (3.3, 4.0) | 0.01 |
| FFMI | ||||
| Unadjusted | 14.1 (13.8, 14.5) | 14.4 (14.1, 14.8) | 14.7 (14.4, 15.1) | 0.03 |
| Adjusted 5 | 14.0 (13.5, 14.6) | 14.4 (13.8, 14.9) | 14.4 (13.8, 14.9) | 0.4 |
| WHR | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | 0.86 (0.85, 0.87) | 0.86 (0.85, 0.86) | 0.7 |
| Adjusted4 | 0.84 (0.83, 0.85) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.87) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | 0.3 |
| Girls n = 635 | 211 | 212 | 212 | |
| BMI z-scores | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.2 |
| Adjusted 4 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.3 |
| %BF | ||||
| Unadjusted | 19.2 (18.3, 20.1) | 20.2 (19.3, 21.1) | 20.5 (19.6, 21.4) | 0.4 |
| Adjusted 5 | 19.6 (18.3, 21.0) | 20.0 (18.7, 21.4) | 20.1 (18.7, 21.5) | 0.8 |
| FMI | ||||
| Unadjusted | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6) | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7) | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | 0.6 |
| Adjusted 5 | 3.3 (3.0, 3.6) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.6) | 3.1 (2.7, 3.4) | 0.2 |
| FFMI | ||||
| Unadjusted | 13.8 (13.5, 14.1) | 14.1 (13.8, 14.4) | 14.5 (14.2, 14.9) | 0.1 |
| Adjusted 5 | 14.0 (13.5, 14.5) | 14.1 (13.6, 14.6) | 14.5 (14.0, 15.0) | 0.3 |
| WHR | ||||
| Unadjusted | 0.82 (0.82, 0.83) | 0.83 (0.82, 0.84) | 0.83 (0.82, 0.84) | 0.2 |
| Adjusted 4 | 0.82 (0.81, 0.83) | 0.83 (0.82, 0.84) | 0.83 (0.82, 0.84) | 0.2 |
1 Values are model-adjusted least-squares means; 95% CIs in parentheses. Tertiles (T) are based on mean daily energy intakes by three day, 24 h dietary recalls. Body mass index z-scores, BMI z-scores; percentage body fat, %BF; fat mass index, FMI; fat-free mass index, FFMI; ratio of waist-to-hip circumference, WHR. 2 Ranges (minimum − maximum) for tertiles 1 through 3, respectively—boys: 3.56–7.35, 7.38–9.71, and 9.72–21.85 MJ/day; girls: 3.36–6.72, 6.74–8.57, and 8.61–22.66 MJ/day. 3 Linear trends (p for trend) were tested with mean daily energy intake as continuous variables. 4 Adjusted for age, fiber intake, the timing of adding complementary foods, paternal education level and maternal BMI. 5 Adjusted for age, fiber intake, physical activity, paternal education level and maternal BMI.