Table 3.
Micronutrient intake in celiac and Spanish women compared to the FESNAD’ and IoM’ recommendations.
| Celiac Women (n = 54) | Spanish Women—Control Women (n = 1734) | p | DRI FESNAD (2010) [14] | DRI: RDA and AI IoM (2011) [15] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A (μg) | 819 ± 556 | 723 ± 323 | 0.001 | 600 | 700 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 2.1 ± 3.5 | 1.8 ± 4.9 | 0.056 | 1 | 1.1 k |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 3.2 | 0.001 | 1.3 a | 1.1 k |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 | 1.2 b | 1.3 b |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 8.1 ± 5.6 | 6.1 ± 4.9 | 0.230 | 2 | 2.4 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 153 ± 65 | 133 ± 80 | 0.180 | 60 c | 75 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 4.9 ± 4.0 | 3.7 ± 3.7 | 0.331 | 5 | 15 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 11.2 ± 3.8 | 13.4 ± 7.0 | 0.003 | 15 | 15 |
| Niacin (mg) | 26.4 ± 11.4 | 39.4 ± 39.7 | < 0.001 | 14 | 14 |
| Folate (μg) | 373 ± 556 | 266 ± 113 | < 0.001 | 300 | 400 j |
| Calcium (mg) | 897 ± 264 | 835 ± 293 | 0.274 | 900 d | 1000 d |
| Iron (mg) | 14.5 ± 5.0 | 13.7 ± 6.2 | 0.162 | 18 e | 18 e |
| Magnesium (mg) | 297 ± 92 | 354 ± 126 | 0.011 | 300 f | 320 f |
| Iodine (μg) | 78.7 ± 38.7 | 84.8 ± 47.3 | 0.187 | 150 | 150 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1223 ± 314 | 1295 ± 380 | 0.191 | 700 g | 700 g |
| Zinc (mg) | 9.2 ± 4.0 | 8.7 ± 3.3 | 0.156 | 7 g | 8 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1916 ± 802 | 2349 ± 810 | 0.505 | 1500 | 1500 l |
| Potassium (mg) | 2950 ± 806 | 2858 ± 827 | 0.485 | 3100 h | 4700 |
| Selenium (μg) | 48.2 ± 19.3 | 53.7 ± 28.9 | 0.031 | 55 i | 55 |
Notes: Values are means ± SD; Spanish Adult women data were taken from the Spanish dietary nutritional assessment (ENIDE study, representative of the adult population at national level); SD, standard deviation; DRI, dietary reference intake; RDA, recommended dietary allowances; AI, adequate intake; FESNAD, Federation of Spanish Societies of Nutrition and Dietetics; IoM, Institute of Medicine; a Riboflavin, 1.2 mg for 16–19 range and >60 years women; b Vitamin B6, 1.3 mg for 16–19 years old women (FESNAD), 1.2 mg for 16–18 years and 1.5 mg for >50 (IoM); c Vitamin C, 65 mg for 16–18 years (IoM) and 70 mg for >60 years (FESNAD); d Calcium 1000 mg (FESNAD) or 1300 mg (IoM) for 16–19 years range and 1000 mg >50 years women (FESNAD) or 1200 mg (ioM) for >50 years; e Iron, 15 mg for 16–19 years, 50–59 years and 10 mg for >60 years (FESNAD) or15 mg for 16–18 years and 8 mg for >51 years (IoM); f Magnesium 360 mg for 16–18 years, 310 mg for 18–30 years, 320 mg for >60 years (IoM); g Phosphorus and Zinc, 800 and 8 for 16–19years (FESNAD) or 1250 mg and 9 for 16–18 years (IoM); h Sodium, 1300 mg for >50 years women; i Selenium, 45 μg for 16–19 years (FESNAD); k Thiamin and Riboflavin: 1.0 mg for 16–18 years; l Sodium, 1300 mg for 51–70 years and 1200 mg for >70 years (IoM).