The galactoside-binding site in LacY G46W/G262W, molecule A. The cytoplasmic side is upward, and the normal to the membrane plane is approximately vertical. Atoms in α-NPG are shown with carbon in orange, nitrogen in blue, and oxygen in red. Side-chain atoms are shown with carbon in yellow, nitrogen in blue, oxygen in red, and sulfur in light yellow. Dotted blue lines identify hydrogen bonds.