Table 4.

Factors associated with non-visiting among empty-nest elderly in Shandong, China (2012)

Variable	Univariate model				Multivariate model
	Non-user (%)	P-value	OR c a	OR c 95 % CI	P-value	OR a b	OR a 95 % CI
Predisposing factors
Gender					NAc
Male	304(35.7)		1.0
Female	385(39.3)	0.113	1.17	0.96–1.41
Age					NA
60−	349(37.1)		1.0
70−	272(39.0)	0.438	1.08	0.89–1.33
80+	68(35.6)	0.698	0.94	0.68–1.30
Marriage status
Married	540(36.5)		1.0			1.0
Others	149(42.5)	0.039	1.28	1.01–1.63	0.217	1.17	0.91–1.49
Education
Primary and below	519(40.6)		1.0			1.0
Junior	99(35.0)	0.082	0.79	0.60–1.03	0.469	0.90	0.68–1.20
High or above	71(26.5)	0.000	0.53	0.39–0.71	0.007	0.64	0.46–0.88
Enabling factors
Residence
Urban	322(31.9)		1.0			1.0
Rural	367(44.7)	0.000	1.73	1.43–2.09	0.002	1.69	1.21–2.35
Living arrangements
Empty-nest singles	149(42.5)		1.0			1.0
Empty-nest couples	540(36.5)	0.039	0.78	0.62–0.99	0.217	1.17	0.91–1.49
Low-income household d
No	613(36.4)		1.0			1.0
Yes	76(51.4)	0.000	1.84	1.31–2.58	0.008	1.60	1.13–2.56
Insurance e
None	37(46.8)		1.0
MIUE	172(30.8)	0.005	0.51	0.31–0.81	0.059	0.62	0.38–1.02
MIUR	81(32.8)	0.025	0.55	0.33–0.93	0.056	0.60	0.35–1.01
NCMS	389(42.1)	0.414	0.83	0.52–1.31	0.022	0.54	0.32–0.92
Others	10(47.6)	0.949	1.03	0.39–2.71	0.842	1.11	0.41–2.96
Need factors
Self-rated health					NA
Good	241(36.5)		1.0
Moderate	280(36.8)	0.899	1.01	0.82–1.26
Bad	168(41.0)	0.145	1.21	0.94–1.55
NCD in the past 6 months f
Yes	651(36.9)		1.0			1.0
No	38(57.6)	0.001	2.32	1.41–3.82	0.003	2.16	1.30–3.58

^aOR_c: crude odds ratio; ^bOR_a: adjusted odds ratio

^CNA: not applicable

^dLow income household: In Chinese, we call it “Dibaohu”, which is identified as a low-income household and subsidized by local bureau of civil affairs

^eMIUE: Medical insurance for urban employees scheme; MIUR: Medical insurance for urban residents scheme; NCMS: New cooperative medical scheme

^fNCD: Non-communicable chronic disease