Table 5.

Factors associated with non-hospitalization among empty-nest elderly in Shandong, China (2012)

Variable	Univariate model				Multivariate model
	Non-user (%)	P-value	OR c a	OR c 95 % CI	P-value	OR a b	OR a 95 % CI
Predisposing factors
Gender					NA c
Male	107(37.0)		1.0
Female	114(35.3)	0.656	0.93	0.67–1.29
Age					NA
60−	95(35.1)		1.0
70−	94(36.7)	0.691	1.08	0.75–1.54
80+	32(37.6)	0.664	1.12	0.68–1.85
Marriage status					NA
Married	173(34.7)		1.0
Others	48(42.1)	0.141	1.37	0.90–2.07
Education					NA
Primary and below	138(35.4)		1.0
Junior	37(38.5)	0.564	1.15	0.72–1.82
High or above	46(36.5)	0.819	1.05	0.69–1.60
Enabling factors
Residence					NA
Urban	142(35.9)		1.0
Rural	79(36.6)	0.860	1.03	0.73–1.46
Living arrangements					NA
Empty-nest singles	48(42.1)		1.0
Empty-nest couples	173(34.7)	0.141	0.73	0.48–1.11
Low-income household d
No	190(33.8)		1.0			1.0
Yes	31(62.0)	0.000	3.19	1.76–5.80	0.005	3.55	1.91–6.59
Insurance e
None	29(76.3)		1.0			1.0
MIUE	79(33.9)	0.000	0.16	0.07–0.35	0.000	0.17	0.07–0.37
MIUR	29(34.5)	0.000	0.16	0.07–0.39	0.000	0.16	0.07–0.39
NCMS	80(32.1)	0.000	0.15	0.07–0.33	0.000	0.13	0.06–0.30
Others	4(50.0)	0.145	0.31	0.06–1.50	0.161	0.32	0.07–1.57
Need factors
Self-rated health					NA
Good	55(31.8)		1.0
Moderate	97(38.6)	0.149	1.35	0.90–2.03
Bad	69(36.7)	0.327	1.24	0.80–1.92
Illness in the past 2 weeks					NA
Yes	200(35.6)		1.0
No	21(42.0)	0.367	1.31	0.73–2.36
NCD in the past 6 months f
Yes	203(35.1)		1.0			1.0
No	18(52.9)	0.039	2.08	1.04–4.16	0.027	2.24	1.10–4.59

^aOR_c: crude odds ratio; ^bOR_a: adjusted odds ratio; ^CNA: not applicable

^dLow income household: In Chinese, we call it “Dibaohu”, which is identified as a low-income household and subsidized by local bureau of civil affairs

^eMIUE: Medical insurance for urban employees scheme; MIUR: Medical insurance for urban residents scheme; NCMS: New cooperative medical scheme

^fNCD: Non-communicable chronic disease