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. 2015 Apr 18;11(6):1434–1448. doi: 10.4161/21645515.2014.986984

Table 2.

Diarrheal disease-causing pathogens for combination vaccine development

Bacteria
• ETEC^* enterotoxigenic E. coli, most common diarrheal pathogen in TD, strains produce heat stable (ST) and/or heat labile (LT) toxins, ST-ETEC most associated with disease^{6,8,10,14,21,108,113,120,122,123,131,135,141,147}
• EAEC enteroaggregative E. coli, important emerging cause of persistent pediatric diarrhea, important cause of TD¹ in S. Asia, Latin America, Africa^8,37,40,156
• EPEC enteropathogenic E. coli, important cause of diarrhea related illness in children <5 years of age, identified by Hep 2 cell cultures, presence of adherence plasmid and intimin gene^1,6,8,12,14
• Shigella^* cause of bacillary dysentery, S. sonnei prevalent in developed countries, S. flexneri 2a, 3a, 6 in developing countries, ˜8-12% of all cause diarrhea^{12 15,24,25,39,45,111,118,121,125,140,142}
• Campylobacter^* associated in the US mostly with contaminated chicken, important cause of diarrheal illness in TD in SE Asia^{8,25,32,38,114-116}
• Vibrio cholera^**causes high mortality rates during epidemics due to voluminous watery diarrhea leading to dehydration, endemic in some countries, seen in SE Asia, in TD^{4,5,19,48,107-110,136}
• Salmonella typhi^**causes typhoid, Important cause of enteric fever^{8,53,95-97,100}
• Salmonella important cause of diarrheal illness in children and in adults in developed and in developing non-typhoidal countries, in TD^{11,41,42,98,99,155}
Viruses
• Rotavirus^** most important cause of hospitalization for childhood diarrhea in the US and high mortality rates due to diarrhea in the developing world ^6-8,101-106)
• Norovirus^* higher risk for severe disease in the elderly, transmission in day-care centers, cruise ships, nursing homes, military, in TD, in children <5 years in developing countries^{32,36,143,157}
Parasites
• Cryptosporidia high global mortality rates from diarrhea in the developing world^{6,14,32,34,143,154}
• Entamoeba acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries, bloody stools^{6,10,19,23,32,34}

^*

Vaccine candidates in clinical trial.

^**

licensed vaccines available¹ TD, Traveler's diarrhea.