-
•
ETEC* enterotoxigenic E. coli, most common diarrheal pathogen in TD, strains produce heat stable (ST) and/or heat labile (LT) toxins, ST-ETEC most associated with disease6,8,10,14,21,108,113,120,122,123,131,135,141,147
|
-
•
EAEC enteroaggregative E. coli, important emerging cause of persistent pediatric diarrhea, important cause of TD1 in S. Asia, Latin America, Africa8,37,40,156
|
-
•
EPEC enteropathogenic E. coli, important cause of diarrhea related illness in children <5 years of age, identified by Hep 2 cell cultures, presence of adherence plasmid and intimin gene1,6,8,12,14
|
-
•
Shigella* cause of bacillary dysentery, S. sonnei prevalent in developed countries, S. flexneri 2a, 3a, 6 in developing countries, ˜8-12% of all cause diarrhea12 15,24,25,39,45,111,118,121,125,140,142
|
-
•
Campylobacter* associated in the US mostly with contaminated chicken, important cause of diarrheal illness in TD in SE Asia8,25,32,38,114-116
|
-
•
Vibrio cholera**causes high mortality rates during epidemics due to voluminous watery diarrhea leading to dehydration, endemic in some countries, seen in SE Asia, in TD4,5,19,48,107-110,136
|
-
•
Salmonella typhi**causes typhoid, Important cause of enteric fever8,53,95-97,100
|
-
•
Salmonella important cause of diarrheal illness in children and in adults in developed and in developing non-typhoidal countries, in TD11,41,42,98,99,155
|
Viruses |
|
-
•
Norovirus* higher risk for severe disease in the elderly, transmission in day-care centers, cruise ships, nursing homes, military, in TD, in children <5 years in developing countries32,36,143,157
|
Parasites |
-
•
Cryptosporidia high global mortality rates from diarrhea in the developing world6,14,32,34,143,154
|
-
•
Entamoeba acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries, bloody stools6,10,19,23,32,34
|