Table 4.
Patient and health system-related factors associated with delays in Tuberculosis diagnosis in Hohoe, Ghana
| Variable | Patient delay | Health services delay | Total delay | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P | |
| Knowledge | |||||||||
| Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Poor | 5.06 | 1.04–24.63 | 0.045 | 0.67 | 0.19–2.30 | 0.525 | 3.32 | 0.39–27.94 | 0.270 |
| Stigmatization | |||||||||
| No stigma | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Stigma | 4.0 | 1.29–12.40 | 0.016 | 0.45 | 0.16–1.27 | 0.130 | 1.93 | 0.48–7.77 | 0.355 |
| Distance (km) | |||||||||
| >5 | 1 | 0.123† | 1 | 0.298† | 1 | 0.819† | |||
| 5–8 | 0.45 | 0.16–1.29 | 0.43 | 0.14–1.34 | 0.68 | 0.18–2.53 | |||
| 8+ | 1.75 | 0.40–7.69 | 0.93 | 0.20–4.35 | 1.02 | 0.17–6.01 | |||
| Time to reach the TB center | |||||||||
| <1/2 h | 1 | 0.544† | 1 | 0.565† | 1 | 0.287† | |||
| ½–1 h | 1.7 | 0.58–4.94 | 1.82 | 0.55–6.07 | 3.03 | 0.59–15.73 | |||
| >1 h | 1.7 | 0.43–6.65 | 0.96 | 0.24–3.83 | 0.83 | 0.18–3.80 | |||
| Cost of two way journey to Hospital (GHȼ) | |||||||||
| <5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| ≥5 | 1.65 | 0.60–4.56 | 0.332 | 0.79 | 0.28–2.27 | 0.660 | 0.54 | 0.16–1.83 | 0.323 |
| First provider visited | |||||||||
| PHF* | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Others | 1.44 | 0.55–3.81 | 0.458 | 1.47 | 0.51–4.24 | 0.479 | 1.61 | 0.44–5.81 | 0.469 |
| No. of Healthcare visits | |||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 2 or more | 0.59 | 0.22–1.59 | 0.298 | 10.67 | 3.23–35.19 | <0.0001 | 2.17 | 0.64–7.28 | 0.211 |
*PHF: Public Health Facility