Table 4.

Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease⁷¹–⁷⁸,⁹⁰–¹⁰¹,¹²⁰–¹²⁸

Cardinal Motor Features (“Classical Triad”)

Bradykinesia ○ Occurs in 80% to 90% of patients ○ Slowness of movement ○ Decreased amplitude of movement Rigidity ○ Occurs in 80% to 90% of patients ○ Resistance to passive movement in both flexor and extensor muscles with limb relaxed ○ Often accompanied by “cogwheel” phenomenon Tremor at rest ○ Common initial symptom (70% to 90% of patients) ○ Often resolves with action or during sleep ○ Primarily distal, involving hands ○ May also involve jaw, tongue, lips, chin, or legs

Other

Postural instability ○ Predisposes patients to falls and injuries ○ Occurs in later stages of Parkinson’s disease ○ Results from loss of postural reflexes Dysarthria Dystonia