Table 4.
Extracted data on resource use in studies of interventions to improve hand hygiene in healthcare workers
| Author (year), design | Intervention | Comparison | Settings and base year | Resource use | Sources | Total cost ($)* | No of beds | Intervention period (day) | Cost per 1000 bed day ($) | |
| Materials | Time | |||||||||
| Huis (2013), CRCT | WHO-5 + goal-setting | WHO5 (except institutional safety climate) | Netherlands, 2009 | State of art strategies: alcohol hand rub, website, leaflets, posters, newsletters, article in hospital magazines | State of art strategies: hand hygiene, direct observation. Extra time for performing hand hygiene | Separate paper70 | 320 278 | 993 | 365 | 883.7 |
| Team and leader directed strategies: as above | Team and leader directed strategies: as above plus coach salary, staffing costs for managers, role models and nurses in coaching session and preparation | 474 068 | 1225 | 365 | 1060.5 | |||||
| Higgins (2013), ITS | WHO-5 + incentive | None (with AHR) | Ireland, 2010 | Mobile interactive stand-alone computer using gaming technology and annual license. Swab and ATP machine | Research assistant for audit and training 1.79 FTE (287 hours) assuming salary as £2500 per month | Author contact | 42 358 | 170 | 450 | 553.7 |
| Armellino (2012), ITS | Feedback + goal-setting | None (unclear AHR use) | USA, 2008 | 21 video cameras | N/A | Paper | 50 000 | 17 | 630 | 4668.5 |
| Morgan (2012), ITS | System change + education + feedback + reminders | None (with AHR) | USA, 2010 | 60 alcohol dispensers system in two wards, 12 posters in total | 1.46 FTE (234 hours) research assistants (10-20 hours/week for trouble shooting, refilling, and collecting data from devices, and 2 hours/month to design and present posters) | Author contact | 6960 | 27 | 105 | 2455.0 |
| Mestre (2012), ITS | Phase I: WHO-5. Phase II: WHO-5 (intense) + Reinforcement | Phase I: None (with AHR); phase II: WHO-5 | Spain, 2011 | Alcohol handrub solution. Material for campaign including posters, pens, and candy | Hand hygiene direct observation. Data analysis and interpretation | Separate paper71 | 19 259 | n/a | 365 | 385.2 |
| Doron (2011), ITS | WHO-5 | System change + education + feedback + reminders (with AHR) | USA, 2008-9 | Cost for marketing consultancy | N/A | Author contact | 35 000-50 000 | 425 | 365 | 225.6-322.3 |
| Mayer (2011), NRT | Phase I: system change + education + feedback. Phase II: WHO-5 + incentive | None (unclear AHR use) | USA, 2003-6 | Prizes as candy, chocolate bars, pizza, and others | 2.25 FTE (yearly) of infection preventionists; 0.6 FTE of manager 0.35 FTE of clerk | Paper | 165 600 | 450 | 365 | 1008.2 |
AHR=alcohol based hand rub, CRCT=cluster randomized controlled trial, ITS=interrupted time series, NRT= non-randomized trial, WHO-5=combined intervention including system change, education, feedback, reminders, and institution safety climate, N/A= not available, FTE=full time equivalents.
*$1=£0.65, €0.90.