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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nicotine Tob Res. 2014 May 8;16(10):1307–1318. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu069

Table 1.

Percentage of Employed Nonsmoking Adults Who Reported Being Exposed to Secondhand Smoke at Their Workplace During the Past 7 Days, by Workplace Smoke-Free Policy Status and Selected Characteristics: National Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009–2010a

Indoor smoke-free workplace
policyb (n = 49,071)
 No indoor smoke-free workplace
policyb (n = 2,916)
 Overall (n = 56,429)
Characteristic % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI
Sex
  Male 18.3 17.1–19.6 52.6 47.7–57.4c 23.8 22.5–25.1
  Female 14.7 13.8–15.6d 49.1 43.5–54.8c 16.7 15.8–17.7d
Age (years)
  18–24 22.5 19.7–25.5 48.0 37.0–59.3c 26.8 24.1–29.6
  25–44 18.5 17.3–19.7d 57.5 51.8–63.0c 23.4 22.0–24.8
  45–64 13.3 12.3–14.4d 45.5 40.4–50.6c 16.2 15.2–17.2d
  ≥65 7.6 5.8–9.9d 40.4 30.7–50.8c 10.4 8.6–12.7d
Race/ethnicity
  White, non-Hispanic 14.2 13.5–14.9 49.3 45.4–53.2c 17.7 17.0–18.4
  Black, non-Hispanic 21.6 19.1–24.4d 48.0 37.5–58.6c 25.6 23.0–28.3d
  Hispanic 23.5 20.2–27.2d 56.4 43.5–68.4c 29.2 25.5–33.1d
  Asian, non-Hispanic 17.4 13.3–22.5 73.7 50.3–88.5c 20.1 15.6–25.6
  NH/PI, non-Hispanic 17.9 10.4–29.0 e 22.8 14.7–33.6
  AI/AN, non-Hispanic 22.2 13.8–33.7 67.1 44.4–83.9c 29.5 20.6–40.3d
  Multiracial, non-Hispanic 24.8 16.3–35.7d 59.1 34.6–79.8 25.5 18.0–34.8
  Other, non-Hispanic 17.8 9.8–30.0 e 23.9 15.3–35.5
Education
  0–12 years (no diploma) 24.3 19.2–30.3 54.4 39.8–68.2c 31.9 26.7–37.7
  GED 23.6 15.7–33.9 54.1 30.9–75.7 28.8 21.5–37.3
  High school graduate 18.3 16.5–20.2 49.9 43.7–56.0c 24.2 22.4–26.0d
  Some college (no degree) 18.8 17.0–20.7 52.2 43.6–60.8c 22.0 20.2–23.9d
  Associate degree 17.7 16.0–19.6 58.0 49.4–66.2c 21.0 19.3–22.8d
  Undergraduate degree 13.8 12.8–15.0d 46.3 39.1–53.7c 15.8 14.7–16.9d
  Graduate degree 10.9 9.9–12.0d 41.8 32.8–51.3c 11.9 10.9–13.0d
Income (annual household)
  <$20,000 21.2 16.9–26.1 48.7 31.7–66.0c 24.2 20.2–28.7
  $20,000-$49,999 20.1 18.5–21.9 59.5 53.1–65.6c 25.9 24.2–27.7
  $50,000-$99,999 15.7 14.6–16.8d 45.0 39.5–50.6c 19.6 18.3–21.1
  ≥$100,0000 13.2 12.0–14.4d 46.6 38.7–54.8c 14.8 13.6–16.1d
  Unspecified 15.3 12.6–18.5 50.7 39.3–62.1c 18.9 16.2–22.0
Sexual orientation
  Heterosexual/straight 16.2 15.4–16.9 51.5 47.7–55.3c 20.2 19.4–21.1
  LGBT 22.7 17.5–28.9d 49.8 27.3–72.3 25.7 20.4–31.7
  Unspecified 17.4 13.0–22.8 49.0 33.2–65.0c 20.8 16.6–25.6
U.S. Census Regionf
  Northeast 16.7 15.2–18.2 43.3 33.9–53.1c 19.3 17.8–20.8
  Midwest 13.0 11.9–14.2d 49.3 43.2–55.5c 17.1 15.9–18.3
  South 17.0 15.8–18.3 51.9 46.1–57.6c 21.2 19.9–22.4
  West 18.6 16.7–20.6 60.3 51.0–68.9c 23.3 21.1–25.7d
Total 16.4 15.7–17.2 51.3 47.6–55.0c 20.4 19.6–21.2

Note. All estimates presented in the table were calculated among both landline and cellular telephone respondents combined.

CI = confidence interval; NH/PI = native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska native; GED = graduate equivalency degree; LGBT = lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.

a

Respondents were considered nonsmokers if they reported not smoking ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime or smoking ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and now smoking “not at all.” Respondents were considered exposed if they reported breathing tobacco smoke from someone else who was smoking in the workplace in the past 7 days.

b

Respondents were considered to have an indoor smoke-free workplace policy if they reported smoking was “never allowed” at their workplace. Respondents who reported smoking was “allowed only at some times or in some places” or “always allowed” were not considered to have a policy.

c

Significantly different (p < .05) than corresponding estimate for “Indoor Smoke-Free Workplace Policy.”

d

Significantly different (p < .05) than referent group (male; 18–24; White, non-Hispanic, 0–12 years [no diploma]; <$20,000; heterosexual straight; northeast) within the same column.

e

Estimate not presented due to relative standard error ≥40%.

f

Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.