Table 7.

Korean American Caregivers.

References	Focus of research	Research design	Sample characteristics	Key findings
(32) Casado and Sacco (2012)	Identify correlates of caregiver burden	Phone survey	146 first-generation KA CGs	• Family support rather than friends alleviated caregiver burden. • Care management efficacy positively impacted caregiver burden.
(33) Chun, Knight, and Youn (2007)	Compare caregiving distress	Face-to-face interview	63 Koreans, 53 first-generation KA, 54 CA CGs	• CRs’ behavior, memory problem, and depression affected KA CGs’ burden, depression, and anxiety. • CGs’ immigrant status exacerbated reactions to CRs’ disability due to conflicts between Korean and American values. • CGs with higher education had lower levels of anxiety.
(34) Han, Choi, Kim, Lee, and Kim (2008)	Explore caregiving experiences	Focus group	24 first-generation KA CGs	• CGs faced challenges of settling in a new country but holding on to traditional but changing value of filial responsibility. • CGs had no systematic support: Need education and culturally tailored support. • Due to different levels of acculturation within family members, conflicts arose in terms of beliefs related to caregiving.
(35) Kim and Theis (2000)	Describe the caregiving role in the KA family	Face-to-face interview	30 first-generation KA CGs	• Being CGs as “privilege,” but meant negative as no other choice but being CGs. • Caregiving while working outside home was challenging. • CGs concerned about future finances due to low-wage jobs with limited education.
(36) Kim and Knight (2008)	Investigate the effects of CG on physical health	Face-to-face interview	87 KA CGs and 87 non-CGs	• Significant associations were found between low quality of instrumental social support and CGs’ poor health (e.g., hypertension, physiological stress).
(37) Kim (2009)	Understand dementia and CGs’ postcaregiving experience	Face-to-face interview	8 first-generation KA CGs	• CGs appraised AD as a disease, accepted themselves as CGs, and caregiving as family affair. • CGs examined filial responsibility through maintaining harmony but changing its expectations across generations. • Due to immigrant status, CGs wondered if their CRs might have been in better condition if they remained in Korea.
(38) Knight, Robinson, Flynn Longmire, Chun, Nakao, and Kim (2002)	Assess the relationship between cultural values and stress/coping	Questionnaire and face-to-face interview	53 first-generation KA CGs	• Lower education, younger age, CRs’ higher depression, and embarrassment were significant predictors of higher anxiety. • KA showed higher familism and higher levels of burden and distress, indicating worse mental and physical health.
(39) Kong, Deatrick, and Evans (2010)	Describe CGs’ experiences re American nursing home placement	Face-to-face interview	10 first-generation KA CGs	• The Korean way of thinking, “family and filial piety” as a fundamental cultural belief of caregiving, was salient. • Placing a loved one to a nursing home made CGs feel inadequate. • Nursing home services were better than expected.
(40) Lee and Farran (2004)	Compare CGs’ depressive symptom	Mail survey	100 Korean, 59 first-generation KA, and 78 CA CGs	• All three groups showed high scores on depressive mode (Korean = 85%, KA = 71%, Caucasian = 63%). • KA CGs were difficult to recruit due to the conflict of filial duty and work outside home—Process of acculturation.
(41) Lee and Bronstein (2010)	Examine the role of culture in the meaning of caregiving	Mail survey	72 KA CGs	• Social support was the most important factor in determining the meaning of caregiving. • Cultural factors were insignificant in CGs’ meaning of caregiving.
(42) Yong and McCallion (2003)	Examine the meaning of caregiving experiences	Phone interview	2 first-generation KA daughters-in-law CGs	• CGs constructed meanings of their lives based on hierarchical relationships within their family. When CGs’ behavior did not fit within the relationship, it made CGs feel guilty and stressed (hwabyung). • Family support was the best influence on caregiving experience.

Note. KA = Korean American; CG = caregiver; CA = Caucasian American; CR = care recipient; AD = Alzheimer's disease.