Table 8.

Vietnamese American Caregivers.

References	Focus of research	Research design	Sample characteristics	Key findings
(43) Hinton, Tran, Tran, and Hinton (2008)	Understand the meaning of religion/spirituality in caregiving	Face-to-face interview	9 first-generation VA CGs.	• CGs related their spirituality/religion to suffering, motivations, and understanding of dementia/ AD. • Religion and prayers helped CGs to cope with their suffering, motivate and sustain a positive attitude about caregiving.
(44) Liu, Hinton, Tran, Hinton, and Barker (2008)	Examine the relationship of dementia and stigma	Face-to-face interview	9 first-generation VA CGs	• Dementia is a normal aging process but connected with mental illness, highly stigmatized and brings shame to the family. • Traditional views of health—emphasis on the holism of minds with body and balance and harmony—were salient.
(45) Strumphf, Glicksman, Goldberg-Glen, Fox, and Logue (2001)	Explore CGs and CRs’ life experiences in a new country	Face-to-face interview	30 first-generation VA CGs and 15 first-generation VA CRs	• Acquisition of English language, limited financial resources, and assimilation to American life was a challenge. • Lack of knowledge and limited accessibility to health and social services were challenges. • Immigration, settlement, and desire to retain cultural ties and strong sense of filial responsibility impacted CGs’ lives.
(46) Yeo, Tran, Hikoyeda, and Hinton (2001)	Understand cultural conceptualization of dementia and caregiving	Face-to-face interview	9 first-generation VA CGs	• CGs strongly endorsed filial responsibility and family care. • Dementia is attributed to normal aging, physiological and psychosocial factors, and related to spiritual beliefs or fate, but social stigma is attached. • To “save face” within the community, CRs’ dementia condition was kept within the family.

Note. VA = Vietnamese American; CG = caregiver; AD = Alzheimer's disease; CR = care recipient.