Table 2.
Associations of fibrosis biomarkers with measures of subclinical and clinical vascular disease, Cardiovascular Health Study, 1996–2010
| log2(TGF-β) | log2(PIIINP) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Estimate* | P | N | Estimate* | P | |
| PAD (HR) | ||||||
| Age, sex, race, clinic-adjusted | 1,384 | 1.45 (1.12, 1.88) | .005 | 2,646 | 1.29 (0.85, 1.96) | .23 |
| Multivariable Model 1 | 1,384 | 1.36 (1.04, 1.78) | .02 | 2,646 | 1.18 (0.78, 1.79) | .42 |
| Multivariable Model 2 | 892 | 1.49 (1.02, 2.17) | .04 | 1,682 | 0.85 (0.46, 1.59) | .61 |
| Carotid IMT (mm) | ||||||
| Age, sex, race, clinic-adjusted | 1,088 | 0.055 (0.006, 0.103) | .03 | 2,050 | 0.110 (0.036, 0.184) | .004 |
| Multivariable Model 1 | 1,088 | 0.043 (−0.004, 0.090) | .07 | 2,050 | 0.102 (0.029, 0.174) | .006 |
| Multivariable Model 2 | 740 | 0.031 (−0.023, 0.086) | .26 | 1,378 | 0.110 (0.017, 0.203) | .02 |
| Ankle-Arm Index | ||||||
| Age, sex, race, clinic-adjusted | 1,107 | −0.005 (−0.016, −0.006) | .37 | 1,981 | 0.017 (−0.000, 0.034) | .05 |
| Multivariable Model 1 | 1,107 | −0.003 (−0.013, 0.008) | .63 | 1,981 | 0.009 (−0.006, 0.026) | .25 |
| Multivariable Model 2 | 747 | −0.005 (−0.017, 0.008) | .45 | 1,332 | 0.020 (−0.0003, 0.041) | .05 |
| FMD (% change) | ||||||
| Age, sex, race, clinic-adjusted | 1,078 | −0.006 (−0.13, 0.12) | .92 | 2,120 | −0.20 (−0.39, −0.02) | .03 |
| Multivariable Model 1 | 1,078 | −0.013 (−0.14, 0.12) | .84 | 2,120 | −0.20 (−0.39, −0.02) | .03 |
| Multivariable Model 2 | 719 | −0.075 (−0.24, 0.09) | .36 | 1,402 | −0.16 (−0.41, 0.09) | .21 |
| Retinal arteriolar equivalent, trunk (µm) | ||||||
| Age, sex, race, clinic-adjusted | 657 | 1.27 (−0.07, 2.61) | .06 | 1,270 | −0.33 (−2.39, 1.72) | .75 |
| Multivariable Model 1 | 657 | 1.15 (−0.22, 2.52) | .10 | 1,270 | −0.38 (−2.48, 1.71) | .72 |
| Multivariable Model 2 | 438 | 0.80 (−1.05, 2.65) | .40 | 829 | −0.68 (−3.57, 2.21) | .64 |
| Retinal venular equivalent (µm) | ||||||
| Age, sex, race, clinic-adjusted | 657 | 2.26 (0.89, 3.64) | .001 | 1,270 | 0.07 (−1.99, 2.13) | .95 |
| Multivariable Model 1 | 657 | 1.63 (0.23, 3.02) | .02 | 1,270 | −0.56 (−2.65, 1.53) | .60 |
| Multivariable Model 2 | 438 | 2.08 (0.35, 3.81) | .02 | 829 | 0.54 (−2.24, 3.32) | .70 |
| Retinopathy (OR) | ||||||
| Age, sex, race, clinic-adjusted | 654 | 0.91 (0.65, 1.27) | .58 | 1,272 | 1.47 (0.90, 2.38) | .12 |
| Multivariable Model 1 | 654 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.20) | .35 | 1,272 | 1.18 (0.71, 1.94) | .53 |
| Multivariable Model 2 | 418 | 1.05 (0.63, 1.74) | .86 | 827 | 1.67 (0.76, 3.69) | .20 |
FMD=flow-mediated vasodilation, HR=hazard ratio, IMT=intima-media thickness, OR=odds ratio, PAD=peripheral artery disease, PIIINP=procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide, TGF-β=transforming growth factor-β
Entries in table are regression coefficients per unit change in exposure (per doubling of TGF-β or PIIINP), except for the outcomes of retinopathy (odds ratio) and incident PAD (hazard ratio).
Multivariable model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, race, clinic, body mass index, smoking status, pack years, alcohol consumption, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, albumin, C-reactive protein, fasting glucose, use of medications for hypertension, diabetes, or hypercholesterolemia.
Multivariable model 2 replaces fasting glucose with 2-hr glucose, and additionally adjusts for albumin/creatinine ratio, N-terminal type B pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. No individuals with diabetes were included in the model, so diabetes medication use was dropped.