. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Tob Regul Sci. 2015 Jul 1;1(2):154–165. doi: 10.18001/TRS.1.2.5

Table 1.

Summary of Findings

	Reduced-nicotine content cigarettes	Smoking cessation	Laboratory studies	Preclinical models
Depression	No increases in negative affect following reduced nicotine content cigarette use^43,44	More severe and prolonged nicotine withdrawal symptoms following prolonged abstinence^47–51 Long-term effects on changes in depression are mixed^55–67	More severe craving and withdrawal symptoms following brief abstinence^50,76	Increase in depressive-like symptoms following discontinuation of chronic nicotine^83–87
Anxiety/PTSD	No increases in negative affect following reduced nicotine content cigarette use^45,46	More frequent and severe nicotine withdrawal symptoms following prolonged abstinence ^{22,47,49,52–54} No change or decreases in anxiety/PTSD symptoms^71–74	More severe craving and withdrawal symptoms following brief abstinence^{52, 77,79,80} No changes in anxiety following brief abstinence^81,82	No consistent effect on anxiety-like symptoms following discontinuation of chronic nicotine^93–101