Figure 2.

The simplified circuit diagram for spontaneous oscillations in the rd retina. (A) A simplified circuit showing the major neuronal cell types that play a role in generating oscillations in the rd retina (adapted from Borowska et al., 2011; Margolis et al., 2014). The oscillation is an intrinsic property of the electrically coupled network of AII amacrine cells and ON cone bipolar cells (indicated with the gray box). AII amacrine cells inhibit OFF bipolar cells with glycine (labeled as gly). ON and OFF bipolar cells activate ON and OFF ganglion cells, respectively, via glutamate release (labeled as glu). Neighboring ON and OFF ganglion cells oscillate out of phase with one another (B). Oscillation in the AII amacrine/ON cone bipolar cell network interact with multiple types of amacrine cells and result in altered dynamics in the ~30 types of ganglion cell microcircuits (not shown).