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. 2015 Jul 27;9(2):141–149. doi: 10.22074/ijfs.2015.4234

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Fig.5 — The varicocele (VCL), both by increasing oxidative stress and down-regulating antioxidant capacity, enhance germinal epithelium degeneration which results in abnormal spermiogenesis. Damaged spermiogenesis-induced DNA de-condensation associated with plasma membrane peroxidation via increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhances sperm DNA disintegrity and mortality. Oxidative stress-induced damages in sperm axonemal proteins lower sperm motility. Taken together, the sperm fertilizing potential reduces over time, which leads to a low in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome in varicocele patients.