Fig. 5.

In cultured Müller cells, elevated ROS and protein levels of inflammatory mediators were reduced with GKT137831. N normoxia control (21 % O₂), H hypoxia control (0.5 % O₂). GKT137831 (GKT), 5 μM. Primary cultures of rat retinal Müller cells exposed to normoxia, hypoxia, and GKT for 72 h. a Quantitation of ROS levels. b Micrographs of retinal Müller cells labeled with dihydroethidium to detect ROS. Scale bar = 100 μm. c–f Protein levels measured by ELISA. c VEGF. d IL-6. e Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1). f MCP-1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 to normoxia control. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001 to hypoxia control. Values are mean ± SEM. n = 3 to 4 independent experiments and performed in triplicate