Table 3. Quantitative synthesis of the results for pain intensity.
| Study | Experimental | Control | Mean Difference 95% CI | Forest plot | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | SD | N | X | SD | N | |||||
| Usual pain intensity |
|
|||||||||
| Ismail et al.13 | 2 | 1.1 | 16 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 16 | -0.3 [-1.1, 0.5] | |||
| Khayambashi et al.15 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 14 | 6.7 | 2.4 | 14 | -5.3 [-6.9, -3.7] | |||
| Dolak et al.16 (1) | 2.4 | 2 | 17 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 16 | -1.7 [-3.3, -0.2] | |||
| Dolak et al.16 (2) | 2.4 | 2.8 | 17 | 2.6 | 2 | 16 | -0.2 [-1.9, 1.5] | |||
| Dolak et al.16 (3) | 2.1 | 2.5 | 17 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 16 | -0.3 [-1.9, 1.3] | |||
| Razeghi et al.17 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 16 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 16 | -1.4 [-2.6, -0.3] | |||
| Nakagawa et al.19 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 7 | 4 | 2.6 | 7 | -2.9 [-5.0, -0.8] | |||
| Pain intensity in ascending stairs | ||||||||||
| Fukuda et al.18 | 3 | 1.8 | 21 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 20 | -0.4 [-1.7, 0.9] | |||
| Nakagawa et al.19 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 7 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 7 | -2.2 [-4.3, -0.1] | |||
| Fukuda et al.14 (4) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 25 | 5.3 | 1.3 | 24 | -4.1 [-4.8, -3.4] | |||
| Fukuda et al.14 (5) | 1.7 | 1 | 25 | 5.5 | 1.2 | 24 | -3.8 [-4.4, -3.2] | |||
| Fukuda et al.14 (6) | 2.9 | 0.8 | 25 | 6.5 | 1 | 24 | -3.6 [-4.1, -3.1] | |||
| Pain intensity in descending stairs | ||||||||||
| Fukuda et al.18 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 21 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 20 | -1.2 [-2.5, 0.1] | |||
| Nakagawa et al.19 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 7 | 2 | 2.4 | 7 | -1.7 [-3.5, 0.1] | |||
| Fukuda et al.14 (4) | 1.6 | 1.1 | 25 | 5 | 1.2 | 24 | -3.4 [-4.1, -2.8] | |||
| Fukuda et al.14 (5) | 2 | 0.8 | 25 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 24 | -3.6 [-4.2, -3.0] | |||
| Fukuda et al.14 (6) | 2.5 | 0.9 | 25 | 6.4 | 1.1 | 24 | -3.9 [-4.5, -3.3] | |||
| Pain intensity in other activities | ||||||||||
| Nakagawa et al.19 (7) | 0.4 | 0.6 | 7 | 3 | 3.1 | 7 | -2.6 [-4.9, -0.3] | |||
| Nakagawa et al.19 (8) | 1.1 | 1.6 | 7 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 7 | -1.8 [-4.4, 0.8] | |||
| Worst pain intensity | ||||||||||
| Nakagawa et al.19 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 7 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 7 | -2 [-3.7, -0.3] | |||
| Favors Experimental | Favors Control | |||||||||
X = Mean; SD = Standard deviation; N = Sample size; 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval; (1) = 4 weeks; (2) = 8 weeks; (3) = 12 weeks; (4) = 3 months; (5) = 6 months; (6) = 12 months; (7) = Squatting; (8) = Sitting for prolonged time.