Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of children and adolescents according to quartiles of sugar sweetened beverage consumption: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
| Quartiles | P for trend1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 106) | Q2 (n = 106) | Q3 (n = 106) | Q4 (n = 106) | ||
| Median intake (ml/d) | 9.3 | 32.0 | 58.6 | 142.2 | |
| Age (years) | 13.8 ± 3.7 | 12.9 ± 3.7 | 13.8 ± 3.7 | 13.7 ± 3.6 | 0.737 |
| Girls (%) | 72 | 43 | 62 | 50 | 0.092 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 96.8 ± 12.2 | 97.7 ± 10.7 | 97.1 ± 11.7 | 100.2 ± 12.0 | 0.021 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 64.3 ± 9.4 | 63.9 ± 6.9 | 65.7 ± 9.1 | 64.7 ± 10.2 | 0.520 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 83.0 (62.7–103.2) | 77.0 (63.0–94.0) | 84.0 (64.0–105.2) | 81.5 (63.0–112.5) | 0.216 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 83.9 ± 5.9 | 84.4 ± 5.9 | 85.5 ± 5.8 | 86.0 ± 6.5 | 0.037 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 45.8 ± 11.9 | 46.3 ± 11.11 | 47.3 ± 9.6 | 43.8 ± 9.4.2 | 0.269 |
| Waist circumstance (cm) | 69.7 ± 11.1 | 69.7 ± 10.4 | 67.8 ± 10.6 | 68.1 ± 9.5 | 0.231 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 18.7 ± 4.3 | 19.2 ± 3.8 | 19.7 ± 3.6 | 20.1 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Daily dietary intakes | |||||
| Total energy (kcal) | 2116 ± 962 | 2364 ± 1017 | 2440 ± 1020 | 3317 ± 1670 | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber/1000 kcal (g) | 14.5 ± 6.4 | 14.4 ± 6.6 | 14.6 ± 5.5 | 14.2 ± 4.6 | 0.866 |
| Total fat (% energy) | 32.4 ± 8.5 | 31.9 ± 6.3 | 32.3 ± 7.2 | 31.6 ± 5.5 | 0.785 |
| Trans-fatty acids (g) | 4.17 ± 3.88 | 4.23 ± 2.83 | 5.26 ± 5.77 | 6.6 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g) | 25.1 ± 12.7 | 28.1 ± 13.2 | 27.6 ± 16.4 | 41.9 ± 23.2 | <0.001 |
| Protein (% energy) | 13.0 ± 2.4 | 13.8 ± 3.4 | 12.8 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 0.230 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 56.2 ± 8.7 | 56.8 ± 7.4 | 57.1 ± 7.1 | 57.5 ± 5.9 | 0.098 |
| Glucose (g) | 11.7 ± 7.8 | 14.7 ± 7.5 | 15.2 ± 7.2 | 25.2 ± 15.2 | <0.001 |
| Fructose (g) | 13.2 ± 8.8 | 16.5 ± 8.2 | 18.2 ± 8.7 | 23.9 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Sucrose (g) | 26.8 ± 21.2 | 30.6 ± 20.3 | 36.5 ± 60.4 | 41.1 ± 28.4 | <0.001 |
| Total simple sugar (g) | 111.4 ± 81.8 | 118.7 ± 56.0 | 124.3 ± 81.9 | 142.9 ± 98.0 | <0.001 |
| Total simple sugar (% energy) | 20.8 ± 7.7 | 20.3 ± 5.2 | 20.2 ± 5.76 | 21.6 ± 5.7 | 0.422 |
| Glycemic index | 61.1 ± 35.8 | 78.4 ± 38.2 | 81.5 ± 45.11 | 102.1 ± 74.5 | <0.001 |
| Fruit (g/1000 kcal) | 183.4 ± 118 | 173.5 ± 113.6 | 160.5 ± 94.4 | 130.4 ± 100.1 | <0.001 |
| Vegetable (g/1000 kcal) | 105.7 ± 66.2 | 94.8 ± 55.8 | 97.4 ± 53.5 | 94.5 ± 46.2 | 0.200 |
| Low fat dairy (g/1000 kcal) | 117.9 ± 90.3 | 113.9 ± 89.7 | 109.1 ± 75.3 | 121.5 ± 91.9 | 0.875 |
| Meat and processed meat (g/1000 kcal) | 11.4 ± 11.9 | 12.9 ± 9.4 | 12.5 ± 10.1 | 14.9 ± 11.2 | 0.076 |
| Legumes (g/1000 kcal) | 7.0 ± 8.9 | 6.9 ± 7.6 | 7.3 ± 9.1 | 5.9 ± 7.1 | 0.362 |
| Whole grains (g/1000 kcal) | 38.7 ± 40.9 | 30.9 ± 31.6 | 27.0 ± 25.0 | 26.5 ± 26.6 | 0.003 |
Data represented as mean ± SD or median (IQ 25–75) for continuous variables and percentage for categorically distributed variables
1Based on linear regression models for continuous variables and chi-square for categorical variables