Table 2.
Comparison of patients without and with 12-month alcohol dependence on socio-demographic and other variables
| No AD diagnosis (N = 7,656) | AD diagnosis by GP or CIDI (N = 820) | Odds ratioa(95 % confidence interval) | Regression coefficienta(95 % confidence interval) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean (SD) | 44.3 (13.1) | 45.1 (13.8) | 0.79 (−0.20 - 1.78) | |
| SES – self classified % (CI) below average | 20.1 (19.2 - 21.0) | 33.7 (30.4 - 37.1) | 2.07 (1.76 - 2.44)b | |
| Unemployed for health or other reason % (CI) | 11.8 (11.1 - 12.6) | 25.2 (22.2 - 28.2) | 2.63 (2.20 - 3.15)b | |
| Smoking % (CI) | 29.5 (28.5 - 30.5) | 58.8 (55.4 - 62.3) | 3.16 (2.70 - 3.69)b | |
| BMI mean (SD) | 26.3 (5.2) | 25.9 (5.5) | −0.73 (−1.12 - -0.34)b | |
| Hypertension % (CI) | 25.7 (24.7 - 26.7) | 33.1 (29.8 - 36.4) | 1.30 (1.09 - 1.56) | |
| Liver problems % (CI) | 1.9 (1.5 - 2.2) | 13.7 (11.3 - 16.1) | 7.45 (5.60 - 9.90)b | |
| Depression % (CI) | 6.9 (6.4 - 7.5) | 14.2 (11.7 - 16.6) | 2.46 (1.95 - 3.09)b | |
| Anxiety % (CI) | 9.1 (8.5 - 9.8) | 18.7 (15.9 - 21.4) | 2.62 (2.14 - 3.22)b | |
| K10 | ||||
| Above cut-off for serious mental distress % (CI) | 5.1 (4.6 - 5.6) | 12.1 (9.8 - 14.4) | 2.81 (2.19 - 3.60)b | |
| Total score mean (SD) | 6.8 (7.0) | 10.5 (8.5) | 4.14 (3.55 - 4.74)b | |
| WHODAS 2.0 | ||||
| Number of days of inability to carry out usual activities or work due to health condition mean (SD) | 1.3 (4.6) | 2.6 (6.7) | 1.21 (0.74 - 1.68)b | |
| Total score mean (SD) | 8.6 (12.6) | 13.7 (16.1) | 5.59 (4.47 - 6.70)b | |
| Amount of ethanol used daily (in gram)c mean (SD) | 28.5 (24.7) | 57.6 (57.3) | 28.44 (23.23 - 33.65)b | |
| Chronic heavy drinkingc % (CI) at least 100 g ethanol daily | 2.2 (1.4 - 3.0) | 15.8 (12.4 - 19.2) | 7.95 (5.10 - 12.40)b | |
| Binge drinkingc % (CI) at least 200 g ethanol at least weekly | 3.4 (2.4 - 4.3) | 15.9 (12.5 - 19.3) | 5.34 (3.60 - 7.93)b |
Note. Data was weighted with inverse sampling probabilities
AD = 12-month alcohol dependence, determined by GP & CIDI. GP = general practitioner. CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview. SD = standard deviation. SES = socioeconomic status. CI = 95 % confidence interval based on standard error. BMI = Body-Mass-Index. K10 = Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; cut-off for severe mental distress was 21 points in a total score range from 0 – 40. WHODAS 2.0 = World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 – total score range: 0 – 100
aRegressions are adjusted by sex and age
bp significant for Bonferroni-adjusted thresholds (p < .05/16 = 0.003125)
cexcluding past-year abstainers and low-level drinkers (i.e. drunk less than 10 g pure ethanol per day) from all analyses